SSC Previous Year Ancient History qustion Paper Last 30 Year solved with Free pdf download link

SSC Previous Year Ancient History qustion Paper Last 30 Year solved with Free pdf download link

SSC Previous Year Question Paper -
Ancient History 

1. CONSTRUCTION OF ANCIENT HISTORY
Q.1 Consider the following information: [2024]
Archaeological Site State Description
1. Chandraketugarh Odisha
Trading Port
town
2. Inamgaon Maharashtra Chalcolithic site
3. Mangadu Kerala Megalithic site
4. Salihundam Andhra Pradesh
Rock-cut cave
shrines
I n which of the above rows is the given information correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3
(c) 3 and 4 (d) 1 and 4
Answer: (b)
Exp: Pair 1 is incorrectly matched : Chandraketugarh is an urban centre of the ancient
state of
Gangaridai belonging to the trans -Bengal region at the interface of West Bengal and
Bangladesh.
The position of Chandraketugarh has been acknowledged on the basis of Maritime -
Land
route memoirs and textual historic evidence obtained from within India and also from the
eastern and western parts of Asia. The antiquity of the area dates back to eras as early
as
4th century BCE, a period much prior to the Mauryan era and shows evidence in the
continuity of subsequent Sunga, Kushana, Gupta, Pala and Sena dynasties.
Pair 2 is correctly matched : Inamgaon is a chalcolithic site in Maharashtra. After the
disintegration of the Indus civilization, in a phase known as the Early Jorwe (1400– 1000
BC),
hundreds of agrarian villages flourished in the Deccan region of west -central India.
Environmental degradation, combined with unsustainable agricultural practices,
contributed to the abandonment of many communities around 1000 BC. Inamgaon was
one of a handful of villages to persist into the Late Jorwe phase (1000 –700 BC),
wherein
reliance on dry-plough agricultural production declined.
Pair 3 is correctly matched : Mangadu is a Megalithic Site in Kerala. The megalithic
monuments at Mangadu consisted of 28 hard compact and unhewn laterite blocks within

an area of 5 cents of land. The pottery at Mangadu can be classified into three
categories
namely the huge urns, the medium sized jars are hand made. The associated potteries
are
of wheel-made pottery and the fabric is black and red and red wares.
Prelims PYQs 1995-2025
Ancient History
--- Page 2 ---
Pair 4 is incorrectly matched : Salihundam is a Buddhist Site in Andhra Pradesh as
early as
the 2nd century CE to the 12th century CE. Here, Buddhism flourished under the
patronage
of va rious dynasties, including the Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, and the Eastern Ganga
dynasty. The archaeological excavations have revealed numerous stupas, chaityas,
viharas and a congregation hall, indicating the importance of this site in the transmission
of Buddhist knowledge and wisdom. Rock cut caves are not found in Salihundam.
Q.2 In which one of the following regions was Dhanyakataka, which flourished as a
prominent
Buddhist centre under the Mahasanghikas, located ? [2023]
(a) Andhra (b) Gandhara
(c) Kalinga (d) Magadha
Answer: (a)
Exp: Option (a) is correct : Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh holds historical significance as
the site
of ancient Dhanyakataka, a prominent town in the Deccan region of the later
Satavahanas, as recorded in numerous inscriptio ns. This area also housed a significant
Buddhist settlement. According to some Tibetan scriptures Dhanyakataka is the place
where early Kalachakra tradition took off.
Kalachakra is a Buddhist tantric practice. It was a significant hub of Mahayana Buddh
ism
and was associated with the Mahasanghika sect. The famous Amaravati Stupa, one of
the
largest Buddhist stupas in India, is located near this site.
Options (b), (c) and (d) are incorrect :
● Gandhara (Pakistan -Afghanistan region) was a center of Gandhara art and
Mahayana Buddhism.
● Kalinga (Odisha) was significant for Ashoka’s Buddhist transformation but not
specifically for the Mahasanghikas.
● Magadha (Bihar) was the heartland of early Buddhism but not linked to
Dhanyakataka.
Additional Information
Major ancient Buddhist Sites:

--- Page 3 ---
Q.3 With reference to ancient South India, Korkai, Poompuhar and Muchiri were well-
known as :
[2023]
(a) Capital cities (b) Ports
(c) Centres of iron-and-steel making (d) Shrines of Jain Tirthankaras
Answer: (b)
Exp: Korkai, Poompuhar, and Muchiri were prominent ancient port cities in South India
that
played a crucial role in maritime trade.
● Korkai : Korkai, situated in the Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu, emerged as a
significant port city during ancient times, notably flourishing during the era of Tamil
Sangam literature. It served as the primary port for the Pandya Kingdom during this
period.
● Poompuhar : Alternatively known as Kaveripattinam, it stands out as an ancient port
city with a vibrant maritime trading legacy. Positioned on the banks of the Kaveri
River in the Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu, it served as the primary port for the
esteemed Chola Kingdom.
● Muchiri : Muchiri, alternatively referred to as Muziris, stood as an ancient port city
situated in what is now Kerala, close to the town of Kodungallur. It held substantial
importance as a trading hub within the Indian Ocean trade network throughout the
ancient and medieval eras. Tondi and Muchiri emerged as piv otal ports within the
realm of the Chera kingdom. Hence, all the three sites mentioned were well known as
Ports in ancient South India.
Q.4 Which one of the following explains the practice of ‘Vattakirutal’ as mentioned in
Sangam
poems ? [2023]
(a) Kings employing women bodyguards
(b) Learned persons assembling in royal courts to discuss religious and philosophical
matters
(c) Young girls keeping watch over agricultural fields and driving away birds and
animals
(d) A king defeated in a battle committing ritual suicide by starving himself to death
Answer: (d)
Exp: Vatakkiruttal, also known as Vadakiruthal or Vadakiruttal, was particularly prevalent
during
the Sangam period ( 3rd century BCE to 2nd Century CE ). Tamil Kings, in a bid to
uphold
their honor and prestige, were willing to face death by fasting, a practice known as
“Vatakkiruttal.”

--- Page 4 ---
Q.5 Consider the following pairs: [2021]
Historical place Well known for
1 Burzahom Rock cut shrines
2 Chandraketugarh Terracotta art
3 Ganeshwar Copper artefacts
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2
(c) 3 only (d) 2 and 3
Answer: (d)
Exp: India's historical sites highlight diverse peculiarities as Bhimbetka's prehistoric rock
art,
Nalanda's ancient university, Sanchi's stupas, Dholavira's urban planning, Pattadakal's
Chalukyan temples, and Khajuraho's erotic sculptures, reflecting the subcontinent's rich
contributions to art, architecture, and education across areas.
Pair 1 is incorrectly matched : Burzahom (Kashmir) had a well -developed bone tool
industry. Other finds at Burzahom include pits and coarse pottery. Rock -cut shrines
were
not a feature of the Burzahom site.
Pair 2 is correctly matched : Chandraket ugarh is located in the Ganges delta in West
Bengal. It is known for its rich collection of terracotta plaques and figurines that date
back
to the pre-Mauryan and Gupta periods.
Pair 3 is correctly matched : Ganeshwar is located in the northeastern part of
Rajasthan.
Hundreds of copper artifacts have been found at this site which suggests it must have
been a copper working center.
Q.6 In the context of the history of India, consider the following pairs: [2016]
Term Description
1. Eripatti
Land revenue which was set apart for the
maintenance of the village tank
2. Taniyurs
Villages donated to a single Brahmin or a
group of Brahmins
3. Ghatikas Colleges generally attached to the temples
Which of the pairs given above is correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 3
--- Page 5 ---
Answer: (d)

Exp: Pair 1 is correctly matched : Eripatti was a special kind of land donated by
individuals. The
revenue from it was set aside for the maintenance of tanks in the village.
Pair 2 is incorrectly matched :During the Chola administration, occasionally a very large
village would be administered as a single unit and this was called Taniyur. These
villages
were not necessarily just large administrative units but could also be village settl ements
that were either wholly or largely populated by Brahmins or associated with religious
functions.
Pair 3 is correctly matched : Ghatikas were educational institutions, often associated
with
temples, where learning took place. These colleges were cen ters for higher education,
particularly in subjects like philosophy, logic, and religious studies.
Additional Information
Here is a list of similar historical terms related to land revenue, administration, and
education in ancient India:
Term Description
Brahmadeya
Land grants given to Brahmins, often leading to the formation of
Agrahara villages.
Devadana Land donated to temples for religious and charitable purposes.
Vellanvagai
Land held by non- Brahmin, peasant communities in the Chola
administration.
Pallichchandam Land grants given to Buddhist monasteries and Jaina institutions.
Salabhoga
Land or revenue assigned for the maintenance of educational
institutions.
Agrahara
A village or settlement granted to Brahmins, often exempt from
taxes.
Ghatika
Educational institutions, often attached to temples, known for
higher learning.
Matha
Hindu monasteries that functioned as centers of religious and
educational activities.
Vasti Residential settlements.
Nagaram
Towns or trade centers that played a significant role in
urbanization.
--- Page 6 ---

Q.7 With reference to the scientific progress of Ancient India,which of the statements
given
below are correct ? [2012]
1. Different kinds of specialized surgical instruments were in common use by the 1st
century AD.
2. Transplant of internal organs in the human body began in the 3rd century AD
3. The concept of sine of an angle was known in the 5th century AD.
4. The concept of cyclic quadrilateral was known in the 7th century AD.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 and 4 only
(c) 1, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: (c)
Exp: Ancient India made significant contributions to science, particularly in mathematics,
astronomy, and medicine. Achievements include the concept of zero and the decimal
system, advancements in surgery and the accurate calculations of the Earth's
circumference
Statement 1 is correct : Ancient Indian texts like the Sushruta Samhita (6th century BC)
describe specialized surgical instruments for procedures such as surgery, eye
treatments,
and plastic surgery, indicating well-developed surgical knowledge by the 1st century AD.
Statement 2 is incorrect: There has been no documented proof of organ transplants in
the
3rd century AD. The concept of organ transplantation is much more modern, developing
in the 20th century.
Statement 3 is correct: Aryabhata, in t he 5th century AD, improvised the concept of
sine (
jya in Sanskrit) in his book and used it in astronomical calculations. Aryabhata's work in
trigonometry laid the foundation for later developments in mathematics.
Statement 4 is correct: The concept of cy clic quadrilaterals, where a quadrilateral can
be
inscribed in a circle, was known to Brahmagupta in the 7th century AD, who also
provided
a formula for their area.
Additional Information
● Aryabhata (approximately 476 CE ) was an Indian mathematician -astronomer who
wrote Aryabhatiya and the lost Aryabhatasiddhanta. He helped develop the decimal
system, approximated π, solved quadratic equations, and explained planetary
motion. He proposed Earth's rotation and the Moon's reflected light.
● Brahmagupta (approximately 598–665 CE) was a pioneering Indian mathematician-
astronomer. In Brahma -sphuta-siddhanta (628), he introduced rules for zero,
negative numbers, and quadratic equations. He formulated a cyclic quadrilateral
area formula and contr ibuted to trigonometry. His work influenced Islamic
mathematics after its Arabic translation. He later wrote Khandakhadyaka (665),
refining astronomical calculations.

--- Page 7 ---
Q.8 With reference to the Guilds (Shrenis) of ancient India that played a very importan t
role in
the country’s economy, which of the following statements is/are true? [2012]
1. Every Guild was registered with the central authority of the state and the King was
the chief administrative authority on them
2. The wages, rules of work, standards and prices were fixed by the Guild
3. The guild had judicial powers over its own members.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (c)
Exp: As mentioned in Arthshastra, Guilds, also known as Shrenis or Trade Guilds,
played a
significant role in ancient Indian society. These organizations brought together artisans,
merchants, and traders to promote their collective interests, provide protection, and
facilitate trade.
Statement 1 is incorrect : The king or local rulers protected guilds and ensured
compliance
with state regulations, but guilds operated autonomously and were not always formally
registered with the central authority.
Statement 2 is correct : Gui lds had significant control over the economic activities of
their
members. They were responsible for regulating various aspects of production, trade, and
commerce, which included setting wages, standards of workmanship, prices for goods,
and rules of operation.
Statement 3 is correct: Guild members were entitled to impeach and punish a chief
found
guilty of misconduct. The Arthashastra describes the role of guilds in resolving disputes
through a Shreni court, where matters related to trade, contracts, and disagreements
were handled by the guild's officials.
Q.9 Which one of the following was a corporation of merchants in ancient India? [1997]
(a) Chaturvedi Mangalam (b) Parishad
(c) Ashtadikgaja (d) Manigrama
Answer: (d)
Exp: In ancient India, associations of artisans or merchants were known as Guilds. The
Guild
System (also known as “Shreni” or “Gana”) was a structured association of artisans and
merchants that managed trade and craftsmanship.
Option(d) is correct : The two most important merchant guilds of South India in the
ancient
period were Nanadesi and Manigramam.

--- Page 8 ---
Chaturvedi Mangalam, also known as agrahara, brahmadeya or brahmadesha, means
a
village granted to, or owned by Brahmin. In ancient India, a Parishad referr ed to a
council
or assembly of advisors, typically composed of Brahmanas, who served as an advisory
body to the king or monarch. Ashtadikgaja has a mythological or religious significance in
ancient India. It refers to the eight elephants, according to Hind u mythology, that
support
the universe. The term is not directly related to trade or merchant activities.
Option (d) is correct : Manigrama was a well -known corporation of merchants in ancient
India, particularly in South India. It played a crucial role i n trade and commerce, often
dealing with long-distance trade.
Options (a), (b) and (c) are incorrect :
● Chaturvedi Mangalam : It was a Brahmin settlement, not a merchant corporation.
These settlements were granted land and privileges by rulers. These were prominent
during Pallava, Chola and Pandya kings.
● Parishad : It referred to an assembly or council, often of learned Brahmins, and was
not associated with merchants.
● Ashtadikgaja : This term refers to a group of eight eminent scholars or ministers i n a
king’s court, not a merchant guild. These were particularly famous during the
Vijayanagara Empire.
Q.10 In the context of Indian society, which one of the following terms does not belong
to the
category of other three? [1996]
(a) Kula (b) Vamsa
(c) Kosa (d) Gotra
Answer: (c)
Exp: Kula, Vamsa, and Gotra are all terms that relate to the social and family structure in
ancient Indian society, especially in terms of lineage and ancestry. Whereas Kosa term
was used for the treasury. This term is mentio ned in the Kautilya’s Arthashastra and it is
one of the elements of Kautilya's Saptanga policy for state administration: Swamin
(Ruler ),
Amatya(Ministers), Janapada( Territory), Durg(forts), Kosa(Treasury), Bala(Army),
Mitra(friend or ally).
Kula, Vamsa, and Gotra were terms associated with the social and family structure of
ancient Indian society, particularly in relation to lineage and ancestry.
In contrast, Kosa referred to the treasury and was a key element in state
administration.
Mentioned in Kautilya’s Arthashastra, Kosa was one of the seven components of
Kautilya's

Saptanga policy, which included Swamin (Ruler), Amatya (Ministers), Janapada
(Territory),
Durg (Forts), Kosa (Treasury), Bala (Army), and Mitra (Friend or Ally).
--- Page 9 ---
Q.11 The word ‘Hindu’ as reference to the people of Hind (India) was first used by:
[1995]
(a) The Greeks (b) The Romans
(c) The Chinese (d) The Arabs
Answer: (d)
Exp: The term ‘Hindu’ is derived from the word 'Sindhu', referring to the River Sindhu or
River
Indus.
Option (d) is correct : Originally coined by the Persians , later adopted by Arabs, to
refer to
the people who lived beyond the land of Sindhu, the term ‘Hindu’ actually came into
popular usage with the arrival of the Arabs and the Turks. Over time, the te rm "Hindu"
began to be used to refer to the people living in the Indian subcontinent.
2. HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION (INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION)
Q.12 Which one of the following ancient towns is well -known for its elaborate system of
water
harvesting and management by building a series of dams and channelizing water into
connected reservoirs? [2021]
(a) Dholavira (b) Kalibangan
(c) Rakhigarhi (d) Ropar
Answer: (a)
Exp: Indus Valley Civilization featured advanced town planning with well -laid-out
streets,
drainage systems, and standardized brick construction. Notable examples include the
cities of Mohenjo-Daro, with its grid-like streets and Great Bath, and Harappa, known for
its
drainage systems and carefully planned residential areas.
Option (a) is correct : Discovered in 1968 by Jagat Pati Joshi, Dholavira is one of the
best -
preserved Indus Valley sites, with a unique water management system using reservoirs
and dams. Located between the Manhar and Mandsar streams, it was likely accessible
by
boat when the Rann's water levels were higher.
Options (b),(c) and (d) are incorrect : Kalibangan is located on the bank of the Ghaggar
river in Rajasthan. A fire altar and wooden plough have been found here. Rakhigarhi is
the
largest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent. Planned townships having mud -brick
as

well as burnt-brick were found here.
At the Ropar site, a building made of stone, a dog buried with humans and an oval pit
burial have been found.
● Kalibangan is located on the bank of the Ghaggar river in Rajasthan. A fire altar and
wooden plough have been found here.
● Rakhigarhi is the largest Harappan site in the Indian subcontinent. Planned townships
having mud-brick as well as burnt-brick were found here.
● At the Ropar site, a building made of stone, a dog buried with humans and an oval pit
burial have been found.
--- Page 10 ---
Additional Information:
Indus Valley Site Key Features
Dholavira Known for an advanced water management system with
reservoirs and dams; features a unique three-part city layout.
Lothal Important dockyard and maritime trade center; evidence of
early shipbuilding and bead-making industries.
Mohenjo-Daro Features the Great Bath, well -planned streets, and advanced
drainage system; one of the largest IVC cities.
Harappa Major urban center with granaries, distinct town planning, and
evidence of early writing.
Rakhigarhi Largest known Indus Valley Civilization site, with extensive
evidence of urban settlement and burial practices.
Chanhudaro Famous for craft production, including bead -making, shellwork,
and metalwork; lacks fortifications.
Kalibangan Known for fire altars, suggesting ritualistic practices, and
evidence of the earliest plowed fields.
Banawali Oval-shaped settlement with both Harappan and pre -
Harappan features; evidence of barley cultivation.
Q.13 Which one of the following is not a Harappan site ? [2019]
(a) Chanhudaro (b) Kot Diji
(c) Sohgaura (d) Desalpur
Answer: (c)
Exp: Kot Diji, Desalpur and Chanhudaro are Harappan sites. Kotdiji means “Fort of the
Daughter'' and is located in Khairpur province, Pakistan. Here copper -bronze objects,
bangles and arrowheads; etched carnelian and other beads and numerous terracotta
human, bull, and bird effigy figurines were found.
Desalpur, located in Gujarat, is a key Harappan site known for its well -planned
settlement,
including fire altars and beads, highlighting its role in trade and craft production.
Chanhudaro is located on the b ank of the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan. Bead makers'
shops have been found here.

Option (c) is correct : Sohgaura is located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh on the banks of
the
Rapti River. Here , Ashokan inscriptions were found. The Sohgaura inscription refers to
the
donation of a village and agricultural produce to a Buddhist monastery, making it
relevant
to the Mauryan era, not the Harappan civilization. It was written in Prakrit in the Brahmi
script.
Sohgaura is located in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh o n the banks of the Rapti River. The
Sohgaura copper plate inscription, dating to the Mauryan period (possibly pre -Ashokan),
was found here. The Sohgaura inscription belongs to the Mauryan era (not the
Harappan
civilization) and refers to famine relief meas ures, food grain storage, and granary
management. It was written in Prakrit in the Brahmi script.
--- Page 11 ---
Options (a), (b) and (d) are incorrect : Kot Diji, Desalpur and Chanhudaro are Harappan
sites.
● Kotdiji means “Fort of the Daughter'' and is located in Khairpur province, Pakistan.
Here copper-bronze objects, bangles and arrowheads; etched carnelian and other
beads and numerous terracotta human, bull, and bird effigy figurines were found.
● Desalpur, located in Gujarat, is a key Harappan site known for its well -planned
settlement, including fire altars and beads, highlighting its role in trade and craft
production.
● Chanhudaro is located on the bank of the Indus River in Sindh, Pakistan. Bead
makers'
shops have been found here.

Q.14 Which of the following characterise/characterize the people of the Indus
Civilization?
[2013]
1. They possessed great palaces and temples.
2. They worshiped both male and female deities.
3. They employed horse-drawn chariots in warfare.
Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) None of the statements given above is correct
Answer: (b)
Exp: The Harappan Civilization, discovered in 1921 at Harappa (Pakistan), spanned
Punjab, Sindh,
Balochistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and western Uttar Pradesh, predating Chalcolithic

cultures and showing greater development.
Statement 1 is incorrect : Cities of Indus Valley Civilization ha d large public structures,
such
as the Great Bath at Mohenjo -Daro and large granaries, there is no definitive evidence
of
monumental palaces or temples like those found in other ancient civilizations such as
Mesopotamia or Egypt.
--- Page 12 ---
The Indus Valley Civilization differed from Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations, as
it
lacked grand palaces and temples ruled by powerful kings or priests. Instead,
archaeological evidence suggests that their cities featured well -planned structures,
public buildings, and granaries, emphasizing urban planning and administrative
efficiency
rather than monumental architecture.
Statement 2 is correct : Seals and figurines, such as the Priest- King and various
fertility
symbols, imply reverence for deities associated with fertility , nature, and possibly
mother
goddesses, indicating a worship system that involved both male and female divine
figures.
Statement 3 is incorrect : No trace of Horses has been found in the Indus Valley. The
use of
chariots is associated with later cultures, such as the Vedic civilization, and is not a
feature
of the Indus Civilization.
Additional Information
The presence of horses in the Indus Valley Civilization is a topic of debate. Some
evidence,
such as horse remains found at Surkotada (Gujarat) in 1 974 and horse -like figurines
from
Lothal and Kalibangan, suggests their existence, though their authenticity is uncertain.
Critics argue that no clear skeletal evidence or widespread depictions have been found,
and some remains may actually belong to wild asses or onagers. Unlike in Vedic culture,
horses do not appear to have played a significant role in Harappan society. While
Surkotada provides some support, the lack of horses in art, daily life, and burial sites
suggests they were rare or introduced later. The debate remains unresolved.
Q.15 Regarding the Indus valley civilization, consider the following statements: [2011]
1. It was predominantly a secular civilization and the religious element, though present,
did not dominate the scene.
2. During this period, cotton was used for manufacturing textiles in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 and 2
Answer: (c)
Exp: Indus Valley Civilization, one of the earliest urban cultures, is notable for its
advanced
urban planning, trade systems, and crafts, yet it was largely secular in nature with no
dominant religious structure.
Statement 1 is correct : The Indus Valley Civ ilization is often considered more secular
compared to other ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia or Egypt, where religion played
a
dominant role in daily life and governance. Although evidence of religious practices
exists
(e.g., figurines, seals depict ing deities, the Great Bath which may have had ritual
significance), there is no clear evidence of a theocratic society or large, grandiose
temples. The focus of the Indus civilization appears to be on urban planning, trade, and
practical aspects of daily life.
--- Page 13 ---
Statement 2 is correct : The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the earliest known
civilizations
to have used cotton for textile production. Evidence of cotton cultivation has been found
at several Indus sites, such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, where cotton fibers have
been
discovered, indicating its use in making cloth. Also, cotton seeds found near Mehrgarh
dated to 5000 BCE.
Q.16 Match List -I (Ancient site) with List -II (Archaeological finding) and select the
correct
answer using the codes given below the lists: [2002]
List-I (Ancient site): List-II (Archaeological finding):
(a) Lothal 1. Ploughed field
(b) Kalibangan 2. Dockyard
(c) Dholavira 3. Terracotta replica of a plough
(d) Banawali 4. An inscription comprising ten large-
sized signs of the Harappan script
Codes:
(a) A – 1; B – 2; C – 3; D – 4 (b) A – 2; B – 1; C – 4; D – 3
(c) A – 1; B – 2; C – 4; D – 3 (d) A – 2; B – 1; C – 3; D – 4
Answer: (b)
Exp: The Indus Valley Civilization (Harappan Civilisation) flourished between 2600 BC
and 1900
BC in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent. It was prominently spread over
Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Western U.P. and Northern

Maharashtra.
Option (b) is correct :
● Lothal was a prominent Harappan port city, known for its dockyard, bead- making
industry, and evidence of maritime trade.
● Kalibangan(black bangles ) is renowned for its early evidence of ploughed fields and
advanced agricultural practices. It also features distinct ive red and black pottery
and remains of a settlement with brick structures.
● Dholavira is famous for its inscription comprising ten large -sized signs of the
Harappan script, which are some of the most significant written records discovered
from the Harap pan Civilization. Another find was a unique water harnessing system
and its stormwater drainage system.
● The discovery of a terracotta replica of a plough at Banawali highlights the
agricultural advancements of the Harappans.
Q.17 Which one of the fol lowing animals was not represented in seals and terracotta
art of the
Harappan culture? [2001]
(a) Cow (b) Elephant
(c) Rhinoceros (d) Tiger
--- Page 14 ---
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Harappan civilisation used seals extensively for administrative, commercial,
and
religious purposes. These seals were crafted from various materials, including steatite,
terracotta, agate, chert, and faience. About 2000 seals have been found including
Pashupati Seal, Unicorn Seal, etc.
The Harappan Civilization made extensive use of seals for administrative, commercial,
and
religious purposes. These seals were crafted from a variety of materials, including
steatite,
terracotta, agate, chert, and faien ce. Notable examples include the Pashupati Seal and
the Unicorn Seal etc..
Option (a) is correct : The most common animal depicted on the seals was one horned
bull. Other animals like Buffalo, Tiger, Rhinoceros and Elephant were also commonly
used.
However, cows, horses and camels were not depicted on the seals.
The most common animal depicted on the seals was one horned bull. Other animals
like
Buffalo, Tiger, Rhinoceros and Elephant were also commonly used. However, cows,
horses
and camels were not depicted on the seals.
3. HISTORY OF THE VEDIC PERIOD

Q.18 With reference to the difference between the culture of Rigvedic Aryans and Indus
Valley
people, which of the following statements is/are correct? [2017]
1. Rigvedic Aryans used the coat of mail and helmet in warfare whereas the people of
the Indus Valley Civilization did not leave any evidence of using them.
2. Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver and copper whereas Indus Valley people knew
only
copper and iron.
3. Rigvedic Aryans had domesticated the horse whereas there is no evidence of Indus
Valley people having been aware of this animal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Indus Valley Civilization was highly materialistic, with advanced urban
infrastructure,
standardized weights, and extensive trade networks. In contrast, the Rig Vedic
Civilization
had a more pastoral economy, focusing on cattle wealth and ritualistic offerings rather
than large-scale material production or urban development.
Statement 1 is correct : The Rigvedic Aryans are described in the Rigveda as using
advanced weapons and armor, including coats of mail and helmets. In cont rast, the
Indus
Valley Civilization shows no evidence of such organized military gear, suggesting a less
militaristic society.
--- Page 15 ---
Statement 2 is incorrect: The Rigvedic Aryans knew gold, silver, and copper, while the
Indus
Valley Civilization used copper and bronze, lacking iron. Iron technology emerged after
the
decline of the Indus Valley, during the later Vedic period.
Statement 3 is correct: The horse seems to have been unknown to the inhabitants of
Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Horse remains found at Surkot ada, dating to around 2000
BCE, suggest the possibility of horses in the Indus Valley. However, Sándor Bökönyi's
analysis of bone fragments is inconclusive and does not definitively prove that the Indus
people knew horses.
Q.14 The Religion of early Vedic Aryans was primarily of: [2012]
(a) Bhakti (b) Image worship and yajnas
(c) Worship of nature and yajnas (d) Worship of nature and bhakti
Answer: (c)
Exp: Vedic Aryans used to worship manifestations of forces of nature as Gods in the
form of

Indra, Agni, Soma, Varuna. Mother Earth and Rivers, especially Saraswati, were
worshiped
as the goddess. The hymns in the Rigveda reflect reverence for natural forces like fire,
wind, and the sun, with a strong emphasis on rituals and offerings.
Yajna was a method of worship that involved offering sacrifices. It included Vedic chants
singing and a sacrificial mantra. The Vedic mantra was chanted while sacrificing havan
samagri in the fire during a yajna. Bhakti (devotion) and image worship became more
prominent in later religious developments.
● Yajna was a method of worship that involved offering sacrifices. It included Vedic
chants singing and a sacrificial mantra. The Vedic mantra was chanted while
sacrificing havan samagri in the fire during a yajna.
● Bhakti (devotion) and image worship became more prominent in later religious
developments.
Q.15 The "dharma" and "rita" depict a central idea of ancient Vedic civilization of India.
In this
context, consider the following statements : [2011]
1. Dharma was a conception of obligations and of the discharge of one's duties to
oneself and to others.
2. Rita was the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the universe and
all it contained.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct ?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
--- Page 16 ---
Answer: (c)
Exp: The concepts of Dharma and Rita were central to the Vedic civilization of India,
shaping its
moral, social, and cosmic order. Dharma and rita are interconnected, with rita p roviding
the cosmic framework within which dharma operates. Together, they create a moral
universe where every action aligns with the natural order. These concepts guide both
personal behavior and societal norms, ensuring that individuals act in accordance with
the universal laws and maintain harmony in all aspects of life.
Statement 1 is correct: In the Vedic context, dharma refers to the concept of obligations
and duties. It is about the righteous conduct and the moral responsibilities one has to
oneself and to society.
Statement 2 is correct: Rita is the principle of natural order which regulates and
coordinates the operation of the universe and everything within it. It is the cosmic order
or
the fundamental moral law governing the functioning of the universe.

Q.16 Which one of the following four Vedas contains an account of magical charms and
spells?
[2004]
(a) Rigveda (b) Yajurveda
(c) Atharvaveda (d) Samaveda
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Vedic texts are ancient Hindu scriptures, comprising four primary Vedas:
Rigveda,
Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. These texts contain hymns, rituals, and
philosophical teachings, forming the basis for spiritual practices, social customs, and
knowledge in early Indian civilization. The Rigveda is mainly a co mpilation of hymns and
prayers for rituals and sacrifices. Though less extensively than the Atharvaveda, the
Yajurveda focuses on rituals and sacrifices, incorporating some charms and spells. The
Samaveda comprises melodies and chants, with many hymns borr owed from the
Rigveda.
Option (c) is correct : The Atharvaveda, known as the "Veda of magical formulas" or the
"Veda of charms and spells," includes numerous incantations aimed at warding off evil
and curing diseases.
Additional Information
The Vedic texts are ancient Hindu scriptures, comprising four primary Vedas: Rigveda,
Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda. These texts contain hymns, rituals, and
philosophical teachings, forming the basis for spiritual practices, social customs, and
knowledge in early Indian civilization.
--- Page 17 ---
● The Rigveda is mainly a compilation of hymns and prayers for rituals and sacrifices.
Though less extensively than the Atharvaveda.
● The Yajurveda focuses on rituals and sacrifices, incorporating some charms and
spells.
● The S amaveda comprises melodies and chants, with many hymns borrowed from
the Rigveda.
Q.17 The term 'Aryan' denotes : [1999]
(a) An ethnic group (b) A nomadic people
(c) A speech group (d) A superior race
Answer: (c)
Exp: "Aryan" primarily refers to a linguistic or speech group rather than an ethnic or
racial
group. It is associated with the Indo -Aryan languages, which are a branch of the larger
Indo-European language family. The term was historically used to describe the speakers
of these languages, w ho migrated to the Indian subcontinent and other parts of Asia.
However, the details of the migration and the exact identity of these groups remain
subjects of scholarly debate.

Q.18 The river most mentioned in early Vedic literature is: [1996]
(a) Sindhu (b) Sutudri
(c) Sarasvati (d) Ganga
Answer: (a)
Exp: Vedic literature consists of the Vedas, which are the oldest religious texts of India,
comprising hymns, rituals, and philosophical teachings. It includes four Vedas
—Rigveda,
Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda— and their associated texts like the
Brahmanas,
Aranyakas, and Upanishads.
Option (a) is correct : The river most mentioned in early Vedic literature is the Sindhu. It
is
mentioned over 150 times in the Rig Veda, the oldest known Hindu text. The Sindhu is
identical to the Indus River and is considered to be a sacred river associ ated with
fertility,
abundance and prosperity.
Other rivers that are mentioned in early Vedic literature include the Saraswati, Yamuna
and Ganges. Saraswati is called naditama or the best of the rivers in the Rig Veda.
Q.19 Who among the following was a Brahmavadini who composed some hymns of the
Vedas? [1995]
(a) Lopamudra (b) Gargi
(c) Leelavati (d) Savitri
--- Page 18 ---
Answer: (a)
Exp: In the Vedic period Gurukuls, also known as ashrams, were the residential places
of
learning in ancient India. Many of these were named after the sages. Situated in forests,
in
serene and peaceful surroundings, hundreds of students used to learn together i n
gurukuls. Women too had access to education during the early Vedic period.
Option (a) is correct : Brahmavadini refers to women who sought spiritual knowledge
and
philosophical understanding of Brahman, the ultimate reality. These women ascetics
were
known for their intellectual pursuits, poetic abilities, and compositions of Vedic hymns.
Among the prominent women Vedic scholars, we find references to Maitreyi,
Viswambhara, Apala, and Lopamudra, to name a few.
Options (b),(c) and (d) are incorrect
● Gargi: Although a renowned Vedic scholar known for her philosophical debates
(notably in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad). In some texts she is also regarded as
Brahmvadini
● Leelavati: A work in Mathematics , Not associated with Vedic hymn composition

● Savitri: Known in Hindu mythology for her devotion and story in the Mahabharata, but
not as a composer of Vedic hymns.
4. HISTORY OF MAURYAN AGE
Q.20 According to Kautilya’s Arthashastra, which of the following are correct? [2022]
1. A person could be a slave as a result of a judicial punishment.
2. If a female slave bore her master a son, she was legally free.
3. If a son born to a female slave was fathered by her master the son was entitled to
the legal status of the master’s son.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (b)/(d)
Exp: The Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya (Chanakya), is an ancient Indian treatise on
statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. It offers detailed guidance on
governance, law, diplomacy, and administration, making it one of the earliest works of
political science.
Statement 1 is correct : According to the Arthashastra, a person could become a slave
as a
result of a judic ial punishment. Kautilya mentions that criminals or those who committed
certain offenses could be sentenced to slavery as a form of punishment, which was a
legal consequence for specific crimes.
--- Page 19 ---
Statement 2 is correct : The Arthashastra states that if a female slave gave birth to a
son
by her master, she would be granted her freedom. This was a provision that allowed the
slave woman to be liberated from servitude upon giving birth to the master's child, likely
due to the importance of lineage and inheritance.
Statement 3 is correct : The Arthashastra states that if a master fathered a child with a
slave woman, the child would inherit the legal status of the master's son , rights, and
property, recognizing their connection as legitimate.
Note : UPSC in it s official key marks (b) as the answer, However, justification for it has
not
been found yet.
Q.21 Who among the following rulers advised his subjects through this inscription ?
[2020]
"Whosoever praises his religious sect or blames other sects out of excessive devotion
to
his own sect, with the view of glorifying his own sect, he rather injures his own sect very
severely."
(a) Ashoka (b) Samudragupta
(c) Harshavardhana (d) Krishnadeva Raya

Answer: (a)
Exp: Ashoka's religious philosophy evolved from a belief in traditional Hindu practices to
the
adoption of Buddhism, emphasizing non -violence (ahimsa), compassion, and moral
conduct. His Edicts reflect his commitment to dharma, promoting tolerance, welfare, and
ethical governance.
Option (a) is correct : In Major Rock Edicts 7 and 12, Ashoka explicitly advocates for
religious
tolerance and the coexistence of all religions. He emphasized that all ascetics (spiritual
teachers) should be honored, irrespective of their faith, and that people should respect
each other's beliefs. These edicts reflect Ashoka’s commitment to dhamma
(righteousness), which promoted peaceful co-existence.
Q.22 In which of the following relief sculpture inscriptions is ‘Ranyo Ashoka’ (King
Ashoka)
mentioned along with the stone portrait of Ashoka? [2019]
(a) Kanganahalli (b) Sanchi
(c) Shahbazgarhi (d) Sohgaura
Answer: (a)
Exp: Ashokan edicts and inscriptions, carved on pillars and rocks across the Indian
subcontinent, convey Ashoka's policies of Dhamma, promoting non- violence, religious
tolerance, and moral conduct.
Option (a) is correct : The Kanaganahalli inscription located in Kanganahalli (in present -
day Gulbarga, Karnataka), is a significant discovery. The inscription and relief depict
Ashoka in the form of a portrait and a reference to his title, "Ranyo Ashoka," highlighting
his
role as a ruler.
--- Page 20 ---
Options (b),(c) and (d) are incorrect :
● Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) is known for its famous Buddhist stupas and relief
sculptures, but no stone portrait of Ashoka is found here.
● Shahbazgarhi (located in Pakistan) contains Ashokan edicts inscribed in Kharosthi
script, but no stone portrait of Ashoka.
● Sohgaura features an inscription related to Ashoka's dhamma (moral governance),
but does not include a stone portrait of him.
● The Sohgaura inscription, a Mauryan -era record , deals with famine relief and
administrative measures.
Q.23 Who of the following had first deciphered the edicts of Emperor Ashoka? [2016]
(a) Georg Buhler (b) James Prinsep
(c) Max Muller (d) William Jones
Answer: (b)
Exp: Option (b) is correct : James Prinsep, an officer in the East India Company's mint,

deciphered Brahmi and Kharosthi scripts in 1837, unlocking the meaning of Ashoka's
edicts.
His discovery revealed the king referred to as Piyadassi ("pleasant to behold"), later
identified as Ashoka. This breakthrough was crucial in reconstructing the Mauryan
period
and understanding Ashoka's role in Indian history.
Options (a), (c) and (d) are incorrect :
● Georg Bühle r was a German Indologist known for his work on Sanskrit and ancient
Indian inscriptions.
● Max Müller was a German philologist who contributed to the study of the Vedas and
Sanskrit literature.
● William Jones was an Orientalist who founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal and is
famous for recognizing the relationship between Sanskrit, Latin, and Greek.
Q.24 With reference to the invaders in ancient India, which one of the following is the
correct
chronological order? [2006]
(a) Greeks-Sakas-Kushanas (b) Greeks- Kushanas-Sakas
(c) Sakas-Greeks- Kushanas (d) Sakas-Kushanas-Greeks
Answer: (a)
Exp: The invasions of ancient India by the Greeks, Sakas, and Kushanas occurred
between the
4th century BCE and the 2nd century AD, marking significant cultural and political shifts
in
the Indian subcontinent due to the introduction of Hellenistic, Central Asian, and
nomadic
influences.
--- Page 21 ---
Option (a) is correct:
Greeks : In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great initiated the Greek invasions into
India.
After his death, his Indian conquests were taken over by the Seleucids and then by the
Greeks of Bactria.
Sakas : The Sakas, or Scythians, were a group of nomadic tribes from Central Asia who
invaded north-western India in the 2nd century BCE, following the path set by the
Greeks.
Kushanas : The Kushans, originally from Central Asia (modern China), invaded India
from
the 1st to the 3rd century AD.
Additional Information
Highlights of ancient times foreign invasions are:
Invasion Time Period Key Details
Persian Invasion 6th century BCE

Led by Cyrus the Great and Darius I, it occupied
northwest India (Gandhara, Sindh, Punjab).
Greek Invasion 327–326 BCE
Alexander the Great invaded India, fought the Battle
of Hydaspes (326 BCE) against King Porus.
Indo-Greek
Invasion
Mid-2nd century
BCE
Indo-Greek rulers from Bactria entered and controlled
parts of northwest India, but never dominated all of it.
Saka Invasion
Late 2nd century
BCE – 1st century
BCE
Scythians (Sakas) invaded northwestern and western
India, gradually displacing Indo-Greek rulers.
Kushana Invasion 1st–3rd century CE
Kushanas (Yuezhi origin) entered from Central Asia
and ruled northwestern India, expanding under
Kanishka.
Huna Invasion 5th–6th century CE
White Huns ( Hephthalites) attacked northern India,
significantly weakening the Gupta Empire.
Q.25 Consider the following statements: [2003]
1. The last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha was assassinated by his commander -in-chief,
Pushyamitra Sunga.
2. The last Sunga king, Devabhuti was assassinated by his Brahmana Minister
Vasudeva
Kanva who usurped the throne.
3. The last ruler of the Kanva dynasty was deposed by the Andhras.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) Only 2
(c) Only 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
--- Page 22 ---
Answer: (d)
Exp: The Maurya (321 BCE – 185 BCE), Sunga (185 BCE – 73 BCE), and Kanva
dynasties (73 BCE – 30
BCE) represent significant eras in ancient Indian history, spanning the rule from
centralized
imperial administration to regional governance and eventual fragmentation.
Statement 1 is correct : The last Mauryan ruler, Brihadratha, was assassinated by his

commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra Sunga, who then established the Sunga dynasty (185
BCE).
Statement 2 is correct : The la st Sunga king, Devabhuti, was assassinated by his
minister
Vasudeva Kanva, a Brahmana, who subsequently usurped the throne and founded the
Kanva dynasty (73 BCE).
Statement 3 is correct : The last ruler of the Kanva dynasty was overthrown by the
Andhras
(also known as the Satavahanas) around 30 BCE, marking the end of the Kanva dynasty
and the establishment of the Satavahana dynasty in central India.
Q.26 Consider the following statements : [2003]
1. Vardhaman Mahavira's mother was the daughter of Lichchhavi chief Chetaka
2. Gautama Buddha's mother was a princess from the Koshalan dynasty
3. Parshvanatha, the twenty-third Tirthankara, belonged to Benaras.
Which of these statements is/are correct ?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) 2 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (c)
Exp: Buddhism and Jainism part of the Shramana traditions are two ancient Indian
religions
that originated around the same time, during the 6th century BCE. They emphasized
asceticism, non-violence, and liberation from the cycle of rebirth. They offered alternative
philosophies to Vedic ritualism, focusing on personal spiritual practices and ethical living.
Statement 1 is incorrect : Vardhaman Mahavira's mother, Trishala, was the sister (and
not
daughter) of Chetaka, a chief of the Lichchhavi clan. The Lichchhavis were known for
their
democratic and republican system of governance.
Statement 2 is correct: Gautama Buddha’s mother, Maya Devi, was a princess from the
Koshlan clan. She was married to King Suddhodana of the Shakya clan and was the
mother of Siddhartha Gautama, who later became the Buddha.
Statement 3 is correct : Parshvanatha, the twenty -third Tirthankara of Jainism, was
associated with Benaras (Varanasi), where he was bor n. According to Jain tradition, he
was born into a royal family and preached a doctrine of non -violence, truth, and
asceticism. The serpent symbol is associated with him.
--- Page 23 ---
Q.27 Assertion (A): Ashoka annexed Kalinga to the Mauryan Empire. [2000]
Reason (R): Kalinga controlled the land and sea routes to South India.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (a)
Exp: Ashoka's annexation of Kalinga (modern -day Odisha) was a significant event in
Indian
history, occurring around 261 BCE during the Mauryan Empire. Ashoka himself
described
the effects of war in the Rock edict XIII.
Assertion(A) is true : Ashoka annexed Kalinga after the Kalinga War (261 BCE), a
pivotal
event in his reign.
Ashoka annexed Kalinga after the brutal Kalinga War (261 BCE), which deeply
impacted
him and led to his adoption of Dhamma (Buddhist principles).
Reason (R) is true : Kalinga held a strategic position with control over important land
and
sea routes to South India, which made it economically and militarily significant. He
retained Kalinga after its conquest and incorporated it into his empire over its sheer
importance with respect to land and sea trade connectivity.
Thus, R explains A. Hence, option (a) is correct.
Q.28 The practice of military governorship was first introduced in India by the : [2000]
(a) Greeks (b) Shakas
(c) Parthians (d) Mughals
Answer: (a)
Exp: Military governorship in ancient India, particularly during the periods of the
Mauryan,
Gupta, and Kushana empires, was a key feature of the administrative structure.
Military governorship refers to the system where a region was ruled by a military official
appointed by the central authority, often after a conquest. These officials were
responsible
for maintaining law and order, overseeing administration, and ensuring the security of
the
region.
Option(a) is correct : Amongst the given options, Greeks were the first who introduced
military governorship in India. They appointed their Governors called Strategos. These
military governors had both military and administrative authority and were responsible for
maintaining control and collecting taxes. The practice was further continued by
subsequent foreign invaders and Indian rulers as well such as Sakas, Parthians and
later
Mughals.
--- Page 24 ---
Q.29 hich one of the following dynasties was ruling over North India at t he time of
Alexander's
invasion? [2000]

(a) Nanda (b) Maurya
(c) Sunga (d) Kanva
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Alexander’s invasion of India in 326 B.C is a pivotal moment in ancient history,
marking
the encounter between Greek and Indian civilizations.
Option (a) is correct : At the time of Alexander’s invasion in 326 B.C., the northern part
of
India was under the rule of the Nanda dynasty (343 - 321 BCE). The king of the Nanda
dynasty at the time of Alexander's invasion of India was Dhanananda.
Option (b) is incorrect : Mauryan Rule (321- 185 BCE) started after the decline of Nanda
Rule.
Hence, Mauryas were not in power during Alexander’s Rule.
Options (c) and (d) are incorrect : Sungas ( 185 -73 BCE ) and Kanvas (73 - 28 BCE )
came
into power after the decline of the Mauryan dynasty.
Q.30 From the third century A.D. when the Hun invasion ended the Roman Empire,
Indian
merchants relied more and more on the: [1999]
(a) African trade (b) West-European trade
(c) South-East Asian trade (d) Middle-Eastern trade
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Huns, a nomadic group originating from the Asian steppes, were a significant
force
during a period of migration and invasions 3rd to 5th century AD. Their invasions played
a
key role in the broader process of the Western Roman Empire's decline.
Option (c) is correct : The decline of the Western Roman Empire and the rise of new
powers
in Europe led to shifts in global trade routes. Indian merchants, seeking new markets
and
trade opportunities, increasingly turned to Southeast Asia, fostering stronger political,
cultural, and economic ties between the two regions.
After the Hun invasion in the 4th to 5th century, the Roman Empire weakened. This led
Indian traders to shift their focus to Southeast Asia. With the decl ine of Roman trade
routes, maritime trade increased with Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Indonesia, and
Cambodia. Indian merchants also spread Hinduism, Buddhism, and Indian culture to
these
regions. During this time, Indian -influenced kingdoms like Srivijaya and Funan became
important trade partners.
Q.31 The Indo- Greek Kingdom set up in north Afghanistan in the beginning of the
second

century B.C. was: [1999]
(a) Bactria (b) Scythia
(c) Zedrasia (d) Aria
--- Page 25 ---
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Indo- Greek Kingdom was a Hellenistic state that existed in parts of present -
day
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Northwestern India from the 2nd century BC to the early 1st
century AD.
Option (a) is correct : Bactria was the ancient civilizations of Iranian peoples. Ancient
Bactria was located between the Hindu Kush mountain range and the Amu Darya river,
covering the flat region that straddles modern -day Afghanistan and Tajikistan. After the
conquests of Alexander the Great, Bactria became a Greek kingdom and later came
under the rule of various Indo-Greek kings.
Option (b), (c) and (d) are incorrect : Scythia kingdom comprised the region around
Central Asia and north- eastern Europe. It was only in the late 2nd century BC that they
invaded the Afghanistan region.
Zedrasia is incorrect because there is no historical region or kingdom known as
"Zedrasia"
associated with the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Aria was important in ancient Persian and
Greek
history, it was not the area where the Indo-Greek Kingdom was established.
Option (b), (c) and (d) are incorrect :
● Scythia kingdom comprised the region around Central Asia and north -eastern
Europe. It was only in the late 2nd century BC that they invaded the Afghanistan
region.
● Zedrasia is incorrect because there is no historical region or kingdom known as
"Zedrasia" associated with the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
● Aria was important in ancient Persian and Greek history, it was not the area where
the Indo-Greek Kingdom was established.
Q.32 Many of the Greeks, Kushanas, and Shakas embraced Buddhism rather than
Hinduism
because: [1998]
(a) Buddhism was in the ascendant at that time
(b) They had renounced the policy of war and violence
(c) Caste-ridden Hinduism did not attract them
(d) Buddhism provided easier access to Indian society
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Greeks (2nd century BCE to 1st century CE in northwestern India), Kushanas
(1st to 3rd
century CE across northern India and Central Asia), and Shakas (2nd century BCE to
4th

century CE in western India) were key powers during the Post-Mauryan period.
Option (c) is correct : Greek, Kushanas and Shakas needed legitimacy for their rule for
people to accept them as their king. Accepting religion in the local area was the best way
to achieve legitimacy. Buddhism provided the easiest entry in comparison to Hinduism
which had strict birth related caste structure.
--- Page 26 ---
Q.33 Which one of the following was initially the most powerful city -state of India in the
6th
century B.C.? [1998]
(a) Gandhara (b) Kamboja
(c) Kashi (d) Magadha
Answer: (d)
Exp: The Mahajanapadas were sixteen ancient kingdoms or republics in northern and
northeastern India around the 6th century BC. They were significant in shaping India's
political, social, and cultural landscape, with each having its own system of governance.
Option (d) is correct : Magadha was the most powerful city -state in India during the 6th
century B.C located in present-day Bihar. It was the nucleus of several larger kingdoms
or
empires between the 6th century BCE and the 8th century CE. The supremacy of
Magadha continued under the Nanda (4th century BCE) and Mauryan (4th –2nd century
BCE) dynasties. Under the Mauryan dynasty, the empire included almost the entire
subcontinent of India.
Q.34 The given map relates to: [1998]
(a) Kanishka at the time of his death
(b) Samudragupta after the close of his South Indian campaign
(c) Ashoka towards close of his reign
(d) Empire of Thaneswar on the eve of Harsha's accession.
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Ashokan Empire at the close of his reign (232 BCE) was one of the largest and
most
unified empires in ancient India, extending across a vast territory.
--- Page 27 ---
Option (a) is incorrect: Kanishka’s Empire primarily included parts of the northwestern
subcontinent and Central Asia, but not southern or eastern India.
Option (b) is incorrect: Samudragupta’s Empire had influence across North India and
parts of
South India, but it was not as expansive as Ashoka's.

Option (c) is correct : Ashoka’s empire towards the close of his reign (232 BCE) is the
most
expansive, covering nearly the entire Indian subcontinent, except for the far
southern regions. Ashoka’s empire extended from modern -day Afghanistan and
parts of Iran in the northwest to Bengal in the east and as far south as Karnataka.

--- Page 28 ---
Option (d) is incorrect : The Empire of Thaneswar (ruled by Harsha) was mostly
concentrated
in northern India, with limited control over the southern regions.

Q.35 Assertion (A) : According to Ashoka's edicts, social harmony among the people
was more
important than religious devotion. [1998]
Reason (R) : He spread ideas of equity instead of promotion of religion.
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: (a)
Exp: Ashoka's Edicts represent some of the earliest and most extensive inscriptions in
Indian
history, providing valuable insights into his policies and beliefs. Carved on rocks, pillars,
and caves throughout his empire, these edicts reveal Ashoka’s commitment to Dhamma
(moral law).
The Assertion(A) is true : Ashoka’s edicts emphasize the importance of social harmony
and
ethical conduct over specific religious devotion.
For example, in Rock Edict XII, Ashoka urged people to respect all religions and avoid
criticism of other faiths. Similarly, Rock Edict VII emphasizes religious tolerance and
harmony, stating that all religions should coexist peacefully.
The Reason(R) is also true : His focus was on equity and moral values rather than
endorsing a particular religion. Ashoka’s edicts spread ideas of equity, justice, and moral
conduct rather than promoting any single religion, even though he embraced Buddhism.
Thus, Both statements are true, and R correctly explains A.
--- Page 29 ---

Q.36 The Ashoka major rock edicts which tell us about the Sangam Kingdom include
rock
edicts: [1998]
(a) I and X (b) I and XI
(c) II and XIII (d) II and XIV
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka are a series of inscriptions on rock surfaces
across the
Indian subcontinent, issued by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka to communicate his
policies,
ethical principles, and the spread of Dhamma (moral law).
Option (c) is correct : The Ashoka Major Rock Edicts II and XIII are significant because
they
provide information about the Sangam Kingdom, which was located in the southern part
of India.
Rock Edict II mentions the Tamil kingdoms and provides insights into the connections
and
diplomatic interactions between Ashoka’s Mauryan Empire and the southern kingdoms,
particularly emphasizing the relationship with Cholas, Pandyas, and Satyaputras.
Rock Edict XIII is famous for describing Ashoka’s Kalinga War and its consequen ces. It
focuses on Ashoka’s messages of Dhamma, non- violence, and the dissemination of his
moral teachings to various regions.
Q.37 Which one of the following statements regarding Ashoka stone pillars is incorrect?
[1997]
(a) These are highly polished
(b) These are monolithic
(c) The shaft of pillars is tapering in shape
(d) These are parts of architectural structures
--- Page 30 ---
Answer: (d)
Exp: Ashokan pillar architecture is characterized by tall, monolithic stone columns with
tapering shafts, polished surfaces, and inscriptions. These pillars often feature capital
sculptures, including the famous lion capital, symbolizing Ashoka's rule and his moral
edicts.
Examples of some Ashokan Pillars are The Sarnath Pillar (UP), Lauria Nandangarh &
Lauria
Araraj (Bihar).
Statement (a) is correct : Highly polished surfaces, which give them a smooth, lustrous
finish. The pillars, made of sandstone, were polished so well that they shine even today.
This smooth finish shows the advanced craftsmanship of the Mauryan period.

Statement (b) is correct : Monolithic design, meaning each pillar was carved from a
single
block of stone.These pillars were carved from huge blocks of stone and transported to
various locations across the Mauryan Empire.
Statement (c) is correct: Tapering shafts, which narrow slightly towards the top, add to
their elegance.
Statement (d) is incorrect : Ashoka’s stone pillars were not generally parts of
architectural
structures like temples or gateways. Instead, they were freestanding monolit hic
columns,
typically used for inscription and public proclamation. These pillars were placed at
important sites to commemorate events, convey royal edicts, and spread Ashoka’s
Dhamma (moral code).
Q.38 Which one of the following edicts mentions the personal name of Ashoka ? [1997]
(a) Maski (b) Special Kalinga Edict
(c) Rummindei (d) Kalsi
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Ashokan Edicts are a series of inscriptions engraved on rocks, pillars, and
cave walls
across the Indian subcontinent, commissioned by Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan
Dynasty in the 3rd century BC.
Option (a) is correct: The Maski Edict, found in Karna taka, is unique for explicitly
mentioning
Ashoka’s personal name. It confirms that the titles "Devanampiya" and "Piyadassi"
refer to Emperor Ashoka.
Option (b) is incorrect: The Special Kalinga Edicts, issued by Ashoka for Kalinga
highlights his
shift from violence to Dhamma, promoting moral living and ethical governance.
Option (c) is incorrect: The Rummindei Edict (also known as the Lumbini Pillar
Inscription) was
discovered at Rummindei (present -day Lumbini in Nepal), which is recognised as
the birthplace of Gautama Buddha commemorates Ashoka’s pilgrimage to
Lumbini and his dedication to Buddhism.
Option (d) is incorrect: The Kalsi Edict, found in Uttarakhand, is the only Major Rock
Edict in
North India. It highlights Ashoka's promotion of Dhamma a nd moral governance
but does not mention his personal name.
--- Page 31 ---

Q.39 The following map shows four of the sixteen Mahajanapadas that existed in
ancient India.

The places marked A, B, C, and D, respectively are: [1997]
(a) Matsya, Cedi, Kosala, Anga
(b) Surasena, Avanti, Vatsa, Magadha
(c) Matsya, Avanti, Vatsa, Anga
(d) Surasena, Cedi, Kosala, Magadha
--- Page 32 ---
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Mahajanapadas were sixteen powerful kingdoms that emerged in ancient India
around the 6th century BCE, during the Early Historic period. These kingdoms formed
the
basis of early Indian civilization, political organization, and culture. Sixteen
Mahajanapadas
were Magadha, Anga, Kashi, Kosala, Avanti, Vatsa, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Vajji,
Malla,
Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, and Assaka.
Option (c) is correct : The Matsya Mahajanapada was located in present -day
Rajasthan,
covering areas like Jaipur and Alwar. Avanti in modern day Madhya Pradesh, was a
powerful Mahajanapada with its capital at Ujjain. It played a signific ant role in the
political
and cultural landscape of ancient India, known for its rivalry with Magadha.
Vatsa situated around modern -day Allahabad (Prayagraj) and centered on Kausambi,
Vatsa was known for its trade and economic prosperity. The Anga Mahajan apada
covered eastern Bihar and parts of Bengal, with Champa as its capital. It was an
important
commercial and cultural hub, often in conflict with its neighboring powers like Magadha.
Additional Information
The Mahajanapadas were sixteen powerful kingdoms that emerged in ancient India
around the 6th century BCE, during the Early Historic period. These kingdoms formed
the
basis of early Indian civilization, political organization, and culture. Sixteen
Mahajanapadas
were Magadha, Anga, Kashi, Kosala, Avanti, Vatsa, Gandhara, Kamboja, Chedi, Vajji,
Malla,
Kuru, Panchala, Matsya, Surasena, and Assaka.
Q.40 The name by which Ashoka is generally referred to in his inscriptions is: [1995]
(a) Chakravarti (b) Dharmadeva
(c) Dharmakirti (d) Priyadarsi

--- Page 33 ---
Answer: (d)
Exp: The Ashokan inscriptions, also known as the Ashokan edicts, are a series of
inscriptions
carved on stone pillars, rock faces, and caves by Emperor Ashoka who ruled much of
the
Indian subcontinent from around 268 BCE to 232 BCE. Languages u sed were Prakrit,
Greek,
Aramaic with Brahmi, Kharkosthi and Aramaic as the scripts.
Option (d) is correct : Ashoka is generally referred to as ‘Priyadarsi’ in his inscriptions,
which
means ‘Beloved of the Gods’ or ‘He who regards everyone with affection’.
Ashoka is usually called ‘Priyadarsi’ in his inscriptions, meaning ‘Beloved of the Gods’
or
‘one who looks at everyone with kindness’. In the Maski Edict, he refers to himself as
"Devanampiya Piyadassi."
Options (a),(b) and (c) are Incorrect : The term "Chakravarti," refers to a universal
monarch
or a king who rules over the entire world. While Asoka’s empire was vast and
encompassed a significant portion of the Indian subcontinent, he did not proclaim
himself
as a Chakravarti in his inscrip tions. ‘Dharmadeva’ and ‘Dharmakirti’, are not commonly
used to refer to Asoka in his inscriptions.
5. THE HISTORY OF THE GUPTA PERIOD
Q.41 From the decline of Guptas until the rise of Harshavardhana in the early seventh
century,
which of the following kingdoms were holding power in Northern India ? [2021]
1. The Guptas of Magadha
2. The Paramaras of Malwa
3. The Pushyabhutis of Thanesar
4. The Maukharis of Kanauj
5. The Yadavas of Devagiri
6. The Maitrakas of Valabhi
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1, 2 and 5 (b) 1, 3, 4 and 6
(c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 5 and 6
Answer: (b)
Exp: Post-Gupta India saw the rise of regional kingdoms and fragmented political power.
This
period marked a decline in centralized rule, leading to a more decentralized political
landscape.

Option (b) is correct : Due to Hun invasions, the Gupta kingdom was weakened in its
power
and several independent kingdoms arose in north India such as Yashodharman of
Malwa,
the Maukharis of Kanauj, the Maitrakas in Saurashtra and others. Pushyabhuti of
Thanesar
(Haryana) also carved an independent state around that time.
After the coming of Tomars of Delhi in the 8th century , later by the 11 -12th century,
long
after the decline of Gupta’s, Chauhans of Rajasthan, Solankis of Gujarat, Parmars of
Malwa,
and Chandels of Bundelkhand started ruling north India. It is on ly during the 14th CE,
the
Yadavas of Devagiri ( Maharashtra) became an important ruling dynasty of Deccan.
--- Page 34 ---
Q.42 With reference to the history of India, the terms "kulyavapa" and "dronavapa"
denote [2020]
(a) Measurement of land (b) Coins of different monetary value
(c) Classification of urban land (d) Religious rituals
Answer: (a)
Exp: During the Gupta period, land was the primary source of wealth, with land grants to
priests, officials, and military officers, fostering a feudal -like structure. Land
measurement
was carried out using standardized units and these measurements were used for
taxation,
land grants, and agricultural purposes, reflecting an organized system of land
management.
Option (a) is correct : During the G upta period, different land measures were known in
different regions such as Nivartana, Kulyavapa, and Dronavapa. These units of
measurement, including Kulyavapa and Dronavapa, are mentioned in inscriptions from
Bengal, as well as in texts like the Arthashastra and other regional inscriptions of the
Gupta
period. The term ''vap” means ''to sow”. Kulyavapa means the area required to sow one
kulya of grain and the Dronavyapa was the area required to sow one drona of grain. One
kulya is equal to eight drona.
Q.43 With reference to the period of the Gupta dynasty in ancient India, the towns
Ghantasala,
Kadura and Chaul were well known as : [2020]
(a) Ports handling foreign trade
(b) Capitals of powerful kingdoms
(c) Places of exquisite stone art and architecture
(d) Important Buddhist pilgrimage centers

Answer: (a)
Exp: During the Gupta period, maritime trade flourished, with ports like Surat, Chaul, and
Tamralipti facilitating trade with regions such as Southeast Asia, Persia, and the Roman
Empire. The Gupta Empire's thriving seafaring commerce included goods like spices,
textiles, and precious stones.
Option (a) is correct : Located in present -day Andhra Pradesh, Ghantasala was a port
town during the Gupta period. It was known for its proximity to the sea and played a role
in
maritime trade, particularly with Southeast Asia. Kadura, identified with a modern day
coastal town in Karnataka, is believed to have been a key coastal town with commercial
and trade significance.
Chaul, located on the west coast of India in present -day Maharashtra, was a prominent
port town during the Gupta period. It was an active center for foreign trade, particularly
with Persia and Arabia.
--- Page 35 ---
Option (a) is correct :
● Ghantasala : Located in present -day Andhra Pradesh, it was a port town during the
Gupta period. It was known for its proximity to the sea and played a role in maritime
trade, particularly with Southeast Asia.
● Kadura : identified with a modern day coastal town in Karnataka, is believed to have
been a key coastal town with commercial and trade significance.
● Chaul : located on the west coast of India in present -day Maharashtra, was a
prominent port town during the Gupta period. It was an active center fo r foreign
trade, particularly with Persia and Arabia.
Q.44 With reference to forced labor (Vishti) in India during the Gupta period, which one
of the
following statements is correct ? [2019]
(a) It was considered a source of income for the State, a sort of tax paid by the people.
(b) It was totally absent in the Madhya Pradesh and Kathiawar regions of the Gupta
Empire.
(c) The forced laborer was entitled to weekly wages.
(d) The eldest son of the laborer was sent as the forced laborer
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Gupta period was a time of significant economic and administrative
development in
ancient India, and taxes played a crucial role in the functioning of the state. The types of
taxes during the Gupta period include Land Tax (Bhojabhaga or Bhaga),Trade and
Market
Taxes (Sulka), Water tax, Vishti,etc.
Option (a) is correct : During the Gupta period, forced labor (vishti) became a source of
income for the state and was also looked upon as a form of taxation on the subjects.
Vishti

was forced labor instead of taxes hence no weekly wages were entitled. Anyone from
the
family can be sent as a forced laborer, not particularly the eldest son of the family. It was
widely present in all the regions of Gupta Empire.
Additional Information
The Gupta period was a time of significant economic and administrative development in
ancient India, and taxes played a crucial role in the functioning of the state. The types of
taxes during the Gupta period in clude Land Tax (Bhojabhaga or Bhaga),Trade and
Market
Taxes (Sulka), Water tax, Vishti,etc.
--- Page 36 ---
Q.45 Assertion (A): The origin of the feudal system in ancient India can be traced to
military
campaigns.
Reason (R): There was considerable expansion of the feudal system during the Gupta
period. [2000]
(a) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true, but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true, but R is false
(d) A is false, but R is true
Answer: (b)
Exp: The feudal system in ancient India was a socio- economic and political structure
characterized by a hierarchy of landownership and obligations, where land was held in
exchange for service, primarily military or administrative.
Assertion(A) is true: The feudal system, a hierarchical system of land- use and
protection,
originated in ancient India due to military campaigns.
This is true because, during wars and conquests, victorious rulers granted land to
military
officers and local chiefs as a reward for the ir service. These landholders, called
samantas,
later became hereditary lords, leading to the emergence of feudal structures.
Reason (R) is also true : During the post Mauryan and Gupta period feudal system
became
the main state apparatus. as the Guptas granted large land tracts (agraharas and bhukti)
to Brahmins, officers, and feudatories (samantas). These landholders gained
administrative and military control, further decentralizing power.
Reason(R) is not a correct explanation of Assertion(A) : Feudal system expanded
through
other factors, not simply the Gupta period .The emergence of feudalism in India was
influenced by the arrival of various foreign invaders and rulers as well.

Q.46 Which one of the following ports handled the north Indian trade during the Gupta
period ?
[1999]
(a) Tamralipti (b) Broach
(c) Kalyan (d) Cambray
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Gupta Empire, despite being primarily centered in the northern Indian
subcontinent,
had vast commercial connections with East Africa, Southeast Asia, and the Middle East.
The period saw the flourishing of maritime trade, which was facilitated by the strategic
location of Indian ports along the Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal.
--- Page 37 ---
Option (a) is correct : Tamralipta or Tamralipti was the name of an ancient Gupta port
city
on the Bay of Bengal corresponding with Tamluk in modern- day India. Tamralipta may
have been one of the most important urban centers of trade and commerce of early
historic In dia, trading along the Silk Road with China, by Uttarapatha, the northern high
road, the main trade route into the Middle East and Europe; and by seafaring routes to
Bali,
Java and the Far East.
Option (a) is correct : The ports on the east coast were Gha ntasala (Andhra Pradesh),
Arikamedu ( Puducheri) and Tamralipti (Odisha). On the west coast Bharuch and
Cambay
(Gujrat), Sopara and Kalyan (Maharashtra).
Additional Information
During the Gupta Period, the ports on the east coast were Ghantasala (Andhra
Pradesh),
Arikamedu ( Puducheri) and Tamralipti (Odisha). On the west coast Bharuch and
Cambay
(Gujrat), Sopara and Kalyan (Maharashtra) were the key ports.
Q.47 Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below
the lists :
[1997]
List-I List-II
A. Gupta 1. Badami
B. Chandella 2. Panamalai
C. Chalukya 3. Khajuraho
D. Pallava 4. Deogarh
Codes:
(a) A-4; B-3; C-1; D-2 (b) A-4; B-2; C-3; D-1
(c) A-2; B-3; C-4; D-1 (d) A-3; B-4; C-1; D-2
Answer: (a)

Exp: The Gupta Empire (c. 320 –550 CE) is celebrated as ancient India's "Golden Age"
for its
advancements in art, literature, and science. The Chandelas (10th –12th centuries)
flourished in Bundelkhand, renowned for their architectural masterpieces like Khajuraho.
The Chalukyas (6th–12th centuries) dominated the Deccan region, while the Pallavas
(6th–
9th centuries) ruled parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, leaving a lasting cultural
and architectural legacy.
Option (a) is correct : Key dynasties in ancient India were associated with specific
centers
of power: the Cholas ruled from Thanjavur and Gangaikondacholapuram; the Pallavas
from Kanchi and Panamalai; the Pandyas from Madurai. The Chalukyas governed from
Badami (Vatapi), while the Later Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani. In the north, the Guptas
were linked to Deogarh, and the Chandelas to Bundelkhand and Khajuraho.
--- Page 38 ---
Q.48 The silver coins issued by the Guptas were called: [1997]
(a) Rupaka (b) Karshapana
(c) Dinara (d) Pana
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Gupta Empire is known for its remarkable coinage that highlighted the artistry
and
cultural achievements of the period. The silver coins issued by the Guptas were known
as
"Rupaka." This term, "Rupaka," signifies a form or image, reflecting the Gupta Empire’s
tradition of detailed and artistically crafted silver coinage.
Option (a) is correct : Rupaka specifically refers to the silver coins issued by the Gupta
rulers.
Option (b) is incorrect : The Karshapana was a type of coin used primarily in ancient
India
during the Mauryan Empire, composed of various metals, typically copper or silver,
but not specifically linked to the Guptas' silver coins.
Option (c) is incorrect : While the Gupta Empire did issue Dinara coins, these were gold
coins
rather than silver. The term Dinara was influenced by Roman coinage and mainly
reflected wealth in gold, not silver.
Option (d) is incorrect: Pana was a unit of currency used in ancient India, including the
Mauryan period, but it was not specific to the Gupta Empire’s silver coinage.
Q.49 Match List-I with List -II and select the correct answer (using codes given below
the lists):
[1995]
List-I (Eras) List-II (Reckoned from)
A. Vikrama era 1. 3102 B.C.

B. Saka era 2. 320 A.D.
C. Gupta era 3. 78 A.D.
D. Kali era 4. 58 B.C.
5. 248 A.D.
Codes:
(a) A – 2; B – 4; C – 5; D – 1 (b) A – 1; B – 3; C – 2; D – 4
(c) A – 4; B – 5; C – 2; D – 3 (d) A – 4; B – 3; C – 2; D – 1
--- Page 39 ---
Answer: (d)
Exp: The Vikram Samvat calendar was established by King Vikramaditya around 57
BCE after
his victory over the Sakas. It is a lunar -solar calendar primarily used in North India and
Nepal, and it predates the Gregorian calendar by 57 years. The S aka Era, beginning in
78
CE, was likely started by King Kanishka of the Kushan dynasty.
Option (a) is incorrect : It claims that the Vikrama Era began in 320 AD and the Saka
Era in 58
BC. However, the Vikrama Era actually began in 58 BC (not 320 AD), and the Saka
Era began in 78 AD (not 58 BC).
Option (b) is incorrect : It suggests that the Vikrama Era started in 3102 BC, which is
inaccurate. The Vikrama Era correctly begins in 58 BC.
Option (c) is incorrect : Although this option correctly identifies the Vikrama Era as
beginning
in 58 BC, it incorrectly matches the Saka Era to 248 AD and the Kali Era to 78 AD.
Option (d) is correct : It accurately matches each era with its starting year:
○ Vikrama Era began in 58 BC.
○ Saka Era began in 78 AD.
○ Gupta Era began in 320 AD.
○ Kali Era began in 3102 BC.
Additional Information
The Vikram Samvat calendar was established by King Vikramaditya around 57 BCE
after
his victory over the Sakas. It is a lunar -solar calendar primarily used in North India and
Nepal, and it predates the Gregorian calendar by 57 years. The Saka Era, beginning in
78
CE, was likely started by King Kanishka of the Kushan dynasty.
Q.50 In Sanskrit plays written during the Gupta period, women and Sudras speak:
[1995]
(a) Sanskrit (b) Prakrit
(c) Pali (d) Sauraseni
Answer: (b)

Exp: During the Gupta Period (4th to 6th century CE), Sanskrit was the language of the
elite,
scholars, and upper classes. It was associated with high culture, literature, and religious
texts.
Option (b) is correct : During the Gupta Period (4th to 6th century CE), Sanskrit was
typically
reserved for higher- class characters such as kings, scholars, and Brahmins, while
Prakrit
was used for women and lower -class characters to enhance authenticity and social
realism.
Options (a),(c) and (d) are incorrect : The Prakrit languages included regional
variations. A
notable Prakrit used during this period was Sauraseni Prakrit (Option d), which was
prominent in the western regions of India like Gujarat and Rajasthan. This further
underscores the linguistic diversity within ancient Indian society.
--- Page 40 ---
Pali was not typically used in Sanskrit plays of the Gupta Period. Although Pali is closely
related to Prakrit, it was primarily the language of Buddhist scriptures and teachings and
was used by Buddhist scholars and monks to promote Buddhist doctrine. Thus, Pali did
not
hold the same role as Prakrit in dramatic literature of the time.
● The Prakrit languages included regional variations. A notable Prakrit used during this
period was Sauraseni Prakrit (Option d), which was prominent in the western regions
of India like Gujarat and Rajasthan. This further underscores the linguistic diversity
within ancient Indian society.
● Pali was not typically used in Sanskrit plays of the Gupta Period. Although Pali is
closely related to Prakrit, it was primarily the language of Buddhist scriptures and
teachings and was used by Buddhist scholars and monks to promote Buddhist
doctrine. Thus, Pali did not hold the same role as Pr akrit in dramatic literature of the
time.
6. HARSHAVARDHAN & THE SOUTHERN DYNASTIES
Q.51 Consider the following dynasties : [2023]
1. Hoysala
2. Gahadavala
3. Kakatiya
4. Yadava
How many of the above dynasties established their kingdoms in the early eighth century
AD ?
(a) Only one (b) Only two
(c) Only three (d) None
Answer: (d)

Exp: Hoysala Dynasty: Originating from the Indian subcontinent, the Hoysala Empire
held sway
over a significant portion of present -day Karnataka from the 10th to the 14th centuries.
While the Hoysalas initially established their capital at Belur, it was later relocated to
Halebidu.
Gahadavala Dynasty : Following the dissolution of the Pratihara empire, several Rajput
states emerged in northern India. Among the se, the Gahadavalas of Kanauj (12th to
13th
century), the Paramaras of Malwa, and the Chauhans of Ajmer were the most
prominent.
Kakatiya Dynasty : The Kakatiya dynasty ruled the region comprising present day
Telangana and Andhra Pradesh during the 12th and 14th centuries. Their capital was
Warangal in Telangana. The distinct style of Kakatiya- era architecture is seen in the
Thousand Pillar Temple and Ramappa Temple near Warangal.
--- Page 41 ---
Yadava Dynasty : The Yadava dynasty ruled in the 12th –14th-century and comprised
the
Hindu kingdom of central India in what is now the Indian state of Maharashtra. Originally
a
feudatory of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani, the dynasty became paramount in the
Deccan under Bhillama (c. 1187 – 91), who founded Devagiri (later Daulat abad) as his
capital.
Additional Information
In the early 8th century AD, several important dynasties emerged in different parts of
India,
shaping regional politics and culture. Some of the key dynasties are:
Dynasty
Founded
(Approx.)
Founder Region Key Contributions
Rashtrakuta c. 735 AD Dantidurga
Deccan
(Maharashtra,
Karnataka)
Overthrew Chalukyas, built Kail -
asanatha Temple (Ellora), pro -
moted literature and trade
Pala c. 750 AD Gopala
Bengal &
Bihar
Patrons of Buddhism, established
Vikramashila & Nalanda Universi -
ties, expanded empire

Pratihara c. 725 AD NagabhataI
Western &
Central India
Resisted Arab invasions, ruled from
Kannauj, part of the tripartite
struggle
Arab Rule in
Sindh
c. 711 AD
Muhammad
bin Qasim
Sindh
(modern
Pakistan)
First Muslim rule in India, intro -
duced Islamic governance
Q.52 The Chinese traveler Yuan Chwang (Hiuen Tsang) who visited India recorded the
general
conditions and culture of India at that time. In this context, which of the following
statements is/are correct? [2013]
1. The roads and river routes were completely immune from robbery.
2. As regards punishment for offenses, ordeals by fire, water and poison were the
instruments for determining the innocence or guilt of a person.
3. The tradesmen had to pay duties at ferries and barrier stations.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
--- Page 42 ---
Answer: (b)
Exp: Yuan Chwang , the Chinese traveler, provided a detailed account of India during
the 7t h
century, noting its thriving culture, well-organized society, and vibrant Buddhist
institutions.
He described India's cities, roads, and religious life.
Statement 1 is incorrect : Roads and river routes were not completely robbery -free.He
described the condition of roads as generally safe, but he also noted that there were
occasional dangers and robberies on certain routes. Hiuen -Tsang himself was looted a
couple of times.
Statement 2 is correct : Criminal law was very severe. He mentioned that the judicial
system in India involved ordeals by fire, water, and poison as a way to determine guilt or
innocence.

Statement 3 is correct : Duties were to be paid at trade barriers without fail. It was a
source
of income for the kingdom.
Q.53 India maintained its early cultural contacts and trade links with Southeast Asia
across the
Bay of Bengal. For this pre -eminence of the early maritime history of the Bay of Bengal,
which of the following could be the most convincing Solution/Solutions? [2011]
(a) As compared to other countries, India had better ship-building technology in ancient
and medieval times.
(b) The rulers of southern India always patronized traders, Brahmin priests and
Buddhist
monks in this context
(c) Monsoon winds across the Bay of Bengal facilitated sea voyages.
(d) Both (a) and (b) are convincing solutions in this context.
Answer: (b)
Exp: Statement in option (a) is correct : Yukti Kalpataru, written by the Indian scholar
Bhoja in
the 11th century CE, is a work of great significance that discusses a wide range of
topics,
including shipbuilding.
This text does provide evidence of the advanc ed shipbuilding techniques of the time,
offering insight into how ships were constructed and used for trade and warfare. Indian
maritime history of Shipbuilding dates back to the Harappan civilization. India had a well
-
developed maritime tradition, but oth er civilizations, like China, also had advanced
shipbuilding.
--- Page 43 ---
Statement in option (b) is correct : The South Indian rulers always patronized traders
and
monks due to their knowledge and wisdom. Heavy grants and lands were issued for their
knowledge about the outside world. The Cholas, Pallavas, and Srivijaya kingdom had
strong maritime links due to royal patronage of trade and cultural exchanges.
Statement in option (c) is correct : Indians have been familiar with the monsoon winds
since the Gupta era. A lthough the Bay of Bengal's monsoon winds made sea travel
easier,
this was not the only factor in India's early commerce and cultural connections with
Southeast Asia.
Here, most appropriate answer seems to be option (b)
Q.53 Who among the following laid the foundation of Rashtrakuta Empire ? [2006]
(a) Amostghavarsha I (b) Dantidurga
(c) Dhruva (d) Krishna I

Answer: (b)
Exp:
Option (a) is incorrect : Amoghavarsha I (814 –878 CE) was one of the greatest rulers
of the
Rashtrakuta Empire, he was known for his negotiations and peace treaty with the
Gangas and other southern powers and for his immense contributions to
literature. He authored Kavirajamarga, the earliest known Kannada literary work,
and shifted the capital to Manyakheta.
Option (b) is correct : Dantidurga is considered to be the founder of the Rashtrakuta
Empire in
the Deccan region of India, during the late 8th century. He overthrew the rule of the
Chalukya dynasty and laid the foundation for what became a powerful empire in
India.
Option (c) is incorrect : Dhruva was also a ruler of the Rashtrakuta Empire, notably
crushing
the revolt in Gujarat and effectively dealing with invasions from the Arab world.
Option (d) is incorrect : Krishna I was another sig nificant ruler from the Rashtrakuta
dynasty,
known particularly for the construction of the Kailasanatha Temple at Ellora.
Additional Information
The Rashtrakutas were a powerful dynasty that ruled large parts of Deccan India
between
the 8th and 10th c enturies CE. Their empire was founded by Dantidurga in 735 CE
after
overthrowing the Chalukyas of Badami. The Rashtrakutas had their capital at
Manyakheta
(modern Malkhed, Karnataka).
--- Page 44 ---
Q.54 Emperor Harsha's southward march was stopped on the Narmada river by: [2003]
(a) Pulakesin-I (b) Pulakesin-II
(c) Vikramaditya-I (d) Vikramaditya-II
Answer: (b)
Exp:
Option (a) is incorrect : Pulakeshin-I was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty and ruled
in the
early 6th century, i.e. before Harsha’s time.
Option (b) is correct : Pulakeshin -II was a Chalukya king who ruled in the 7th century,
during
the same period as Emperor Harsha. Historical records show that during Harsha’s
attempt to expand his empire into the southern region, he was stopped by
Pulakeshin-II at the Narmada river.
Emperor Harsha (606–647 CE) expanded his empire across North India, ruling from
Kannauj and influencing regions like Punjab, Bengal, Odisha, and Central India.

Seeking to extend his control southward beyond the Vindhyas, he invaded the
Deccan but was defeated by Pulakeshin II, the Chalukya ruler (c. 610 –642 CE),
around 618–619 CE at the Narmada River. This defeat established the Narmada as
the boundary between Hars ha’s northern empire and the Chalukyan kingdom,
preventing further expansion into the south.
Option (c) is incorrect : Vikramaditya-I was a later Chalukya king, ruling after
Pulakeshin-II.
Option (d) is incorrect : Vikramaditya-II ruled even later than Vikramaditya-I and his
reign did
not overlap with Harsha’s.
Q.55 Consider the following statements : [2003]
1. The Cholas defeated Pandya and Chera rulers and established their domination over
peninsular India in the early medieval times.
2. The Cholas sent an expedition against the Sailendra empire of South- East Asia and
conquered some of the areas.
Which of these statements is/are correct?
(a) Only 1 (b) Only 2
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Chola dynasty, one of the longest -ruling dynasties in South India, flourished
from the
9th to 13th centuries AD. Under rulers like Rajendra I, the Cholas expanded their empire
to
Southeast Asia, building a powerful naval presence.
--- Page 45 ---
Statement 1 is correct : The C holas were successful in defeating the Pandya and
Chera
rulers, establishing a stronghold in peninsular India, and significantly expanding their
territorial control in South India during the early medieval period.
The Cholas were successful in defeating t he Pandya and Chera rulers, establishing a
stronghold in peninsular India, and significantly expanding their territorial control in South
India during the early medieval period. For example, under Rajaraja I and Rajendra I, the
Cholas defeated these rulers and extended their empire across peninsular India.
Statement 2 is correct : The Cholas were also known for their naval power and maritime
trade, which led them to conduct expeditions to South- East Asia. Their naval campaigns
extended the Chola influence to regions like Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and Indonesia,
where
they challenged the Sailendra Empire.
For instance, Rajendra Chola I led a successful naval expedition (1025 CE) against the
Srivijaya Empire (modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand). Th e Cholas
temporarily
conquered some areas, demonstrating their naval supremacy in the region.

Additional Information
General features of Chola Dynasty:
Aspect Details
Time Period 9th to 13th century CE (Imperial Cholas)
Key Rulers Rajaraja I, Rajendra I, Kulottunga I
Capital Cities Thanjavur, Gangaikonda Cholapuram
Territorial
Expansion
Tamil Nadu, Kerala, parts of Karnataka; naval expeditions to Sri
Lanka, Maldives, and Southeast Asia
Administration
Well-organized bureaucracy, local self-government (village
assemblies)
Economy
Thrived on agriculture, trade (with Southeast Asia and China), and a
strong navy
Religion Mainly Hindu (Shaivism), but tolerant towards other faiths
Architecture
Built grand temples like Brihadeshwara Temple (Thanjavur) and
Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
Naval Power Strong navy, expanded trade and influence across the Indian Ocean
Cultural
Contributions
Promoted Tamil literature, dance, and bronze sculpture-making
--- Page 46 ---
Q.56 Assertion (A): Harshavardhana convened the Prayag Assembly. [2001]
Reason (R): He wanted to popularize only the Mahayana form of Buddhism.
(a) Both A and R are true but R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not a correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false but R is true
Answer: (b)
Exp: Assertion (A) is true: The Prayag Assembly was convened by Harshavardhana
around AD
643. This assembly is a significant historical event where Harshavardhana gathered
numerous scholars, monks, and dignitaries. Chinese traveler Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang),
was
also present at the assembly and provided a detailed account of it. While it is true that
Harshavardhana promoted Mahayana Buddhism during his reign, the assembly was not
solely focused on promoting this form of Buddhism.
Reason (R) is true: Harshavardhana did convene the Prayag Assembly, it wasn’t only
for
promoting Mahayana Buddhism; he also sought to strengthen his position in the region

and foster religious dialogue. The Reason(R) provided is true but does not fully explain
the
Assertion(A) , purpose of the assembly.
Reason (R) is true : Harshavardhana organized the Prayag Assembly not just to
promote
Mahayana Buddhism but also to strengthen his rule and encourage religious
discussions.
The assembly was open to different beliefs. Thus Reason(R) provided is true but does
not
fully explain the Assertion(A) , the true purpose of the assembly.
Q.57 Which one of the Chola kings conquered Ceylon? [2001]
(a) Aditya-I (b) Rajaraja-I
(c) Rajendra (d) Vijayalaya
Answer: (c)
Exp: Rajendra I was a notable ruler of the Chola dynasty in South India. He succeeded
his
father, Rajaraja I, and further expanded the Chola Empire through extensive military
campaigns.
Option (c) is correct : Among Rajendra I significant achievements was the invasion and
annexation of Ceylon in the early 11th century. This conquest marked the incorporation
of
Ceylon into the Chola realm for a substantial period.
Option (a),(b) and (d) are incorrect : Aditya I was son of Vijayalaya Chola, Aditya I
maintained diplomatic relations with Cheras but did’t conquer Ceylon . Rajaraja I
expanded the Chola empire significantly but did not conquer Ceylon. His major
conquests
were in the South Indian subcontinent and the Indian Ocean region.
Vijayalaya Chola founded the Chola dynasty in the 9th century but did not conquer
Ceylon. He focused on establishing Chola power in Tamil Nadu, not Sri Lanka.
--- Page 47 ---
Option (a),(b) and (d) are incorrect:
● Aditya I was son of Vijayalaya Chola, Aditya I maintained diplomatic relations with
Cheras but did not conquer Ceylon .
● Rajaraja I expanded the Chola empire significantly but did not conquer Ceylon. His
major conquests were in the South Indian subcontinent and the Indian Ocean region.
● Vijayalaya Chola founded the Chola dynasty in the 9th century but did not conquer
Ceylon. He focused on establishing Chola power in Tamil Nadu, not Sri Lanka.
Q.58 The Badami rock inscription of Pulakesin I is dated in the Saka year 465. If the
same were to
be dated in Vikrama Samvat, the year would be: [1997]
(a) 601 (b) 300

(c) 330 (d) 407
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Saka Era is a historical calendar that begins in 78 A.D., marking its epoch in
Indian
history. The Vikrama Samvat is another significant calendar system in India, which starts
from 58 B.C.. To convert a Saka year to Vikrama Samvat, 136 years are added to the
Saka
year. Therefore, adding 136 years to 465 (Saka year) results in 601, which corresponds
to a
Vikrama Samvat year.
7. ART, LITERATURE AND CULTURE DURING ANCIENT TIMES
Q.59 Consider the following statements: [2024]
1. There are no parables in Upanishads.
2. Upanishads were composed earlier than the Puranas.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (b)
Exp: Statement 1 is incorrect : A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse,
that
illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. The Upanishads do contain
parables (short stories with moral or philosophical lessons). Examples include :
● Nachiketa and Yama in the Katha Upanishad, which explores the concept of the soul
and immortality.
Statement 2 is correct : The Upanishads (1000 –500 BCE) were composed during the
later
Vedic period, forming the philosophical core of Hinduism. The Puranas, on the other
hand,
were compiled much later (mostly between 3rd to 10th century CE), making Upanis hads
earlier than Puranas.
--- Page 48 ---
Additional Information
Upanishads : The Upanishads are ancient Indian texts that explore deep philosophical
and
spiritual ideas. They form the core of Vedanta philosophy and focus on concepts like
Brahman (the ultimate reality), Atman (the soul), and Moksha (liberation). The
Upanishads
emphasize self-inquiry, meditation, and the relationship between the individual soul and
the universe. Composed in Sanskrit mostly between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, they are
considered the conc luding part of the Vedas and contain teachings in the form of
dialogues between teachers and students. Some of the most well -known Upanishads
include the Brihadaranyaka, Chandogya, Katha, and Mundaka Upanishads.

Puranas : The Puranas are a vast collection of Hindu scriptures that narrate myths,
legends, history, and religious teachings. Written in Sanskrit, they were compiled mostly
between the 3rd and 10th centuries CE to explain complex Vedic concepts in a simpler
way. There are 18 major Puranas, includi ng the Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and
Bhagavata Purana, each dedicated to different deities and aspects of the universe. They
cover topics such as cosmology, genealogy of gods and kings, moral teachings, and
rituals. The Puranas played a crucial role in shaping Hindu religious traditions and
popular
devotion.
Q.60 With reference to the history of ancient India, Bhavabhuti, Hastimal la and
Kshemeshvara
were famous: [2021]
(a) Jain monks (b) Playwrights
(c) Temple architects (d) Philosophers
Answer: (b)
Exp: Ancient and medieval Indian playwrights and dramatists, like Bhasa, Kalidasa, and
Bhavabhuti, created masterpieces that blended poetry, philosophy, and performance.
Option (b) is correct : Bhavabhūti was an 8th -century scholar of India noted for his
plays
and poetry, written in Sanskrit. He is known as "Poet of Karun Rasa" for his work named
as
Uttararamacharita.His written plays include Mahavircharitra and Malatimadhava.
Hastimalla was a Kannada poet and playwright during Hoysalas' reign. Kshemeshvara
was an 11th -century Sanskrit poet from Kashmir in India. One of the important works
attributed to him is the Dasavatar Charita.
● Bhavabhūti was an 8th -century schola r of India noted for his plays and poetry,
written in Sanskrit. He is known as "Poet of Karun Rasa" for his work named as
Uttararamacharita.His written plays include Mahavircharitra and Malatimadhava.
● Hastimalla was a Kannada poet and playwright during Hoysalas' reign. He wrote 8
plays including 'VikrantKaurava' and 'Subhadra Harana'
● Kshemeshvara was an 11th -century Sanskrit poet from Kashmir in India. One of the
important works attributed to him is the Dasavatar Charita.
--- Page 49 ---
Q.61 With reference to the history of ancient India, which of the following statements
is/are
correct? [2021]
1. Mitakshara was the civil law for upper castes and Dayabhaga was the civil law for
lower castes.
2. In the Mitakshara system, the sons can claim right to the property during the lifetime
of the father, whereas in the Dayabhaga system, it is only after the death of the
father that the sons can claim right to the property.
3. The Mitakshara system deals with the matters related to the property held by male

members only o f a family, whereas the Dayabhaga system deals with the matters
related to the property held by both male and female members of a family.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only (d) 3 only
Answer: (b)
Exp: Statement 1 is incorrect : The distinction between Mitakshara and Dayabhaga is
not based
on caste i.e. upper or lower castes but on regional variations of Hindu law. Mitakshara
was
prevalent in most parts of India, whereas Dayabhaga was primarily followed in Bengal
and
parts of Assam.
Statement 2 is correct : Both were Hindu law books and governed property rights and
inheritance. The Mitakshara was written by Vijnanesvara, a scholar in the Kalyani
Chalukya
court in the late 11th century. The Dayabhaga was authored by Jimutavahana, a 12th -
century scholar from Bengal.
In the Mitakshara system, sons acquire a right to ancestral property by birth, meaning
they
have a share in the joint family property during the father’s lifetime. In the Dayabhaga
system, sons do not have a right to the property until the father’s death.
Statement 3 is incorrect : The Mitakshara system historically favored male descendants,
with females becoming coparceners only after the Hindu Succession Act, 2005. In
contrast,
the Dayabhaga system provides relatively better property rights to women, allowing both
male and female heirs to inherit property. However it is wrong to say that Mitakshara
deals
with matters of property rights of only males as the wife is allowed to have share when
husband and son partition the property.
--- Page 50 ---
Additional Information
Main differences between the Mitakshara and Dayabhaga systems
Mitakshara System Dayabhaga System
Writer Vijnanesvara in the late 11th century Jimutavahana in the 12th-century
Geographical
Prevalence
Most parts of India, except Bengal
and Assam
Bengal and parts of Assam
Inheritance
Rights

Sons acquire rights to ancestral
property by birth
Sons acquire rights to property
only after the father's death
Property
Division
Joint family property is divided
among male members
Does not recognize the joint family
structure and instead focuses on
individual property rights and
inheritance.
Coparcenary
Property
Only male members were
traditionally considered coparceners
until the Hindu Succession Act, 2005,
allowed females to become
coparceners
Coparcenary concept does not
exist; property is inherited
individually
Q.62 With reference to the scholars/literatures of ancient India, consider the following
statements: [2020]
1. Panini is associated with Pushyamitra Shunga.
2. Amarasimha is associated with Harshavardhana.
3. Kalidasa is associated with Chandra Gupta-II.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: (c)
Exp: Statement 1 is incorrect : Panini, the great grammarian, is not associated with
Pushyamitra
Shunga. He is traditionally believed to have lived during the Maurya period, possibly
around the 4th century BCE. Pushyamitra Shunga, however, founded the Shunga
dynasty
around 185 BCE, well after Panini's time. Panini is most famous for his work
"Ashtadhyayi", a
treatise on Sanskrit grammar.
--- Page 51 ---
Statement 2 is incorrect : Amarasimha, an eminent scholar and lexicographer, is
associated with the Gupta period, not Harshavardhana. He is known for compiling the

Amarakosa, a famous Sanskrit lexicon. Amarasimha is believed to have lived during the
reign of Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire (c. 4th century CE), not during
Harshavardhana's reign (7th century CE).
Statement 3 is correct : Kalidasa, one of the greatest classical Sanskrit poets and
playwrights, is traditionally associated with the Gupta period, specifically with
Chandragupta II, also known as Chandragupta Vikramaditya (r. 375 –413 CE) . Kalidasa
is
believed to have flourished at the Gupta court, and his works such as
"Abhijnanasakuntalam", "Meghaduta", and "Raghuvamsa" reflect the grandeur of the
Gupta Empire. Kalidasa and Amarsimha were among the nine jewels of Chandragupta-
II
aka Chandragupta Vikramaditya.
Q.63 With reference to the cultural history of India, the memorizing of chronicles,
dynastic
histories and epic tales was the profession of which of the following? [2016]
(a) Shramana (b) Parivraajaka
(c) Agrahaarika (d) Magadha
Answer: (d)
Exp: Option (d) is correct : Memorizing chronicles, dynastic histories and epic tales was
the
profession of different types of people, the sutas and the Magdhas, who were
descendants of priest families of the Vedic period.
In ancient India, the Magadhas were professional bards (poets and storytellers) who
specialized in memorizing and reciting chronicles, dynastic histories, and epic tales.
They
played a significant role in preserving oral traditions and passing down historical events
before written records became widespread. They were closely associated with court
traditions, where they narrated the achievements of kings and noble families.
Options (a), (b) and (c) are incorrect:
● Agrahara : means grant given to Brahmins, it was pe rpetual, hereditary and tax free.
Agraharika refers to the residents of agraharas, which were village settlements
primarily for Brahmins.
● Shramana : Buddhism, Jainism, and other non- Brahmanical ascetic traditions,
collectively known as Sramanic religions, emerged as alternatives to the Vedic faith.
● Parivrajaka : means “One who roams around ''. The Sanskrit word parivrajaka means
renunciant & wanderer in English.
--- Page 52 ---
Q.64 The Allahabad Pillar inscription is associated with which one of the following?
[2006]
(a) Mahapadma Nanda (b) Chandragupta Maurya
(c) Ashoka (d) Samudragupta
Answer: (d)

Exp: Inscriptional records served as critical instruments for documenting achievements
and
policies in ancient India.
Option(d) is correct: The Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayag Prashasti), composed by
Harishena, highlights Samudragupta's conquests and administrative capabilities. .
Options (a),(b) and (c) are incorrect :
● Mahapadma Nanda predated the inscription's composition.
● There is no connection between Chandragupta Maurya and this inscription.
● Ashoka built the pillar but did not contribute to this inscription.
Additional Information
The Prayag Prashasti (also known as the Allahabad Pillar Inscription) is an important
historical record com posed by Harishena, the court poet of Samudragupta of the
Gupta Empire. Engraved on an Ashokan pillar at Prayagraj (Allahabad), Uttar Pradesh,
it details Samudragupta's military conquests, administration, and patronage of arts
and religion. The inscription is in Sanskrit and written in Brahmi script, providing
valuable insights into the political and cultural achievements of the Gupta period. It
also contains inscriptions from later rulers, including Jahangir from the Mughal era.
Q.65 Consider the following statements: [2006]
1. The Ikshvaku rulers of Southern India were antagonistic towards Buddhism.
2. The Pala rulers of Eastern India were patrons of Buddhism.
Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: (b)
Exp: While the Ikshvakus leaned towards Brahmanical practices, they were not actively
hostile
to Buddhism; many Buddhist structures existed under their reign. Conversely, the Pala
dynasty (8th-12th centuries CE) emerged as staunch patrons of Mahayana Buddhism,
establishing institutions such as Nalanda and Vikramshila universities.
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ikshvakus allowed co-existence of religious traditions.
Statement 2 is correct: The Palas were instrumental in promoting Buddhist education
and
art.
--- Page 53 ---
Statement 1 is incorrect: The Ikshvaku dynasty ruled Andhra Pradesh during the 3rd
–4th
century CE. The Ikshvakus primarily followed Brahmanical traditions but were not hostile
to
Buddhism. Their reign saw the coexistence of multiple religious traditions . Many
Buddhist
stupas and viharas were constructed during their rule, particularly in Nagarjunakonda.

Statement 2 is correct : The Pala dynasty (8th–12th century CE) ruled over Bengal and
Bihar
and was known for its strong patronage of Mahayana Buddhism. They played a
significant
role in establishing major Buddhist centers such as Vikramashila, Nalanda, and
Somapura
Mahavihara. Rulers like Dharmapala and Devapala actively promote d Buddhism, not
only
within India but also in regions like Tibet.
Q.66 Between which of the following was the ancient town of Takshasila located?
[2006]
(a) Indus and Jhelum (b) Jhelum and Chenab
(c) Chenab and Ravi (d) Ravi and Beas
Answer: (a)
Exp: Takshasila (Taxila) was a vital ancient city located between the Indus and Jhelum
rivers,
functioning as a prominent educational and cultural center. It was renowned for its
university, attracting scholars like Chanakya and Panini, and played a key ro le in Indian
history.
Option (a) is correct: Geographically accurate for Takshasila's location.
Options(b),(c) and (d) are incorrect: These river pairs are further southeast and not
aligned with Takshasila's historical position.
Q.67 Who among the following was not a contemporary of the other three? [2005]
(a) Bimbisara (b) Gautama Buddha
(c) Milinda (d) Prasenjit
Answer: (c)
Exp: Bimbisara, Gautama Buddha, and Prasenjit were contemporaries of the 6th century
BCE,
linked by political and religious connections. Milinda (Menander I), however, was a
Greco -
Bactrian ruler from the 2nd century BCE.
Option (c) is correct : Milinda's period is separated by centuries with other given
personalities.
● Bimbisara (approx. 558 –491 BCE) was the ruler of Magadha and a contemporary of
Gautama Buddha (c. 563–483 BCE).
● Prasenjit (6th century BCE) was the king of Kosala and also lived during the time of
Buddha.
● Milinda (Greek king Menander I) ruled much later, in the 2nd century BCE. He was not
a contemporary of the other three, making him the correct answer.
--- Page 54 ---
Q.68 Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched ? [2001]

(a) The Harappan civilization: Painted Greyware
(b) The Kushans: Gandhara School of Art
(c) The Mughals: Ajanta Paintings
(d) The Marathas: Pahari School of Painting
Answer: (b)
Exp: Artistic traditions flourished differently under various dynasties. The Kushan period
saw the
rise of the Gandhara School, blending Indian and Greek artistic styles, primarily under
Kanishka’s reign.
Option (b) is correct: Gandhara school of art is correctly paired with Kushanas.
Option (a),(c) and (d) are incorrect :
● Painted Greyware belongs to the Later Vedic period.
● Ajanta Paintings are associated with the Gupta period.
● The Pahari School is linked to Himalayan regions, not the Marathas.
Option (a) is incorrect : The Harappan civilization (c. 2600 –1900 BCE) is known for red
and
black pottery, not Painted Grey Ware (PGW), which is associated with the later
Vedic period (1200–600 BCE).
Option (b) is correct : The Kushans (1st –4th century AD) patronized the Gandhara
School of
Art, which blended Greek, Roman, and Indian artistic styles, primarily in Buddhist
sculptures.
Option (c) is incorrect : The Ajanta Paintings belong to the Gupta period (5th–6th
century CE),
long before the Mughals (16th –18th century CE). The Mughals are known for
miniature paintings rather than Ajanta murals.
Option (d) is incorrect: The Pahari School of Painting developed in Himachal Pradesh
and
Jammu during th e Rajput period, not under the Marathas (17th –18th century CE),
who were more associated with Deccan-style paintings.
Q.69 Hoysala monuments are found in : [2001]
(a) Hampi and Hosper (b) Halebid and Belur
(c) Mysore and Bangalore (d) Sringeri and Dharwar
Answer: (b)
Exp: The Hoysala dynasty (10th–14th centuries CE) ruled over present-day Karnataka,
known for
their patronage of art and architecture. They played a key role in resisting northern
invasions in South India.
--- Page 55 ---
Option (b) is correct : Hoysala architecture is renowned for its intricate detailing, evident
in
the temples at Halebid and Belur in Karnataka. These monuments reflect unique

craftsmanship and religious art of the period.
Option (a),(c) and (d) are incorrect
● Hampi and Hosper relate to Vijayanagara architecture.
● Mysore and Bangalore are not prominent Hoysala sites.
● Sringeri and Dharwar are not primarily known for Hoysala temples.
Q.70 The following persons came to India at one time or another: [1999]
1. Fa-Hien
2. I-Tsing
3. Megasthenes
4. Hieun-Tsang
The correct chronological sequence of their visits is:
(a) 3, 1, 2, 4 (b) 3, 1, 4, 2
(c) 1, 3, 2, 4 (d) 1, 3, 4, 2
Answer: (b)
Exp: Travel accounts Megasthenes, Fa -Hien,Xuanzang and I -Tsing provide invaluable
insight
into ancient India.
Option(b) is correct :
● Megasthenes was an ancient Greek traveler and diplomat sent from Hellenistic king
Seleucus I. He visited India during the Mauryan era (321- 185 BC). He compiled his
account on India in the famous book called ‘Indica’.
● Fa-Hien was a Chinese Buddhist monk and explorer who traveled through India in
search of Buddhist Scriptures during the Gupta period (4th Century CE to 6th Century
CE).
● Hiuen Tsang or Xuanzang was a Chinese Buddhist monk who traveled to India during
the reign of King Harsha Vardhana to obtain the Buddhist scriptures, He is also
known as the “Prince of Pilgrims,”.
● I-Tsing was a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler who journeyed to India. After
visiting the important Buddhist sites in Magadha, he spent ten years (676 -685) at the
renowned Nalanda monastery
--- Page 56 ---
Q.71 Which one of the following ancient Indian records is the earliest royal order to
preserve
food grains to be utilized during crises in the country? [1998]
(a) Sohgaura copper-plate
(b) Rummindei Pillar edict of Ashoka
(c) Prayaga-prasasti
(d) Mehrauli Pillar inscription of Chandra
Answer: (a)
Exp: Option (a) is correct : Sohgaura copper -plate inscription is among the earliest
records
highlighting the Mauryan state’s concern for preserving food grains during crises. Issued

during the Mauryan period, it details a directive for famine relief by storing grains,
showcasing a significant step in disaster preparedness by the state. This inscription
reflects the Mauryan administrative foresight in dealing with natural calamities and
highlights the organized approach of the empire.
Options (b),(c) and (d) are incorrect :
● Rummindei Pillar Edict of Ashoka is associated with Ashoka's spread of Dhamma,
focusing on moral and ethical governance rather than food grain preservation.
● Prayaga-prasasti is an inscription that commemorates the achievements of
Emperor Samudragupta. It is a eulogy that highlights the military and political
prowess of the Gupta dynasty.
● The Mehrauli Pillar inscription of Chandragupta II primarily commemorates victories
and royal patronage rather than providing instructions for crisis management or
food grain preservation.

Q.72 Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? [1998]
1. Lothal: Ancient dockyard
2. Sarnath: First sermon of Buddha
3. Rajgir: Lion capital of Ashoka
4. Nalanda: Great seat of Buddhist learning
--- Page 57 ---
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1, 2, 3, and 4 (b) 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2, and 4 (d) 1 and 2
Answer: (c)
Exp: The Harappan Civilization (2600 –1900 BCE) was one of the world's earliest urban
cultures,
known for its advanced cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The Ashokan Empire
(3rd
century BCE) unified much of India and embraced Buddhism, promoting its principles of
non-violence, compassion, and moral governance through its edicts, fostering religious
tolerance.
Pair 1 is correctly matched : Lothal, located in present-day Gujarat, was a major port
city of
the Indus Valley Civilization. It is renowned for its well -planned dockyard, which is
considered one of the earliest known examples of a dockyard in the world, indicating the
importance of maritime trade.
Pair 2 is correctly matched : Sarnath is where Gautama Buddha delivered his first
sermon,
marking the beginning of his teachings on the Middle Path.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched : The Lion Capital of Ashoka is not associated with Rajgir
but

was found at Sarnath. The Lion Capital of Ashoka is a famous sculpture from the
Mauryan
period and is now the national emblem of India.
Pair 4 is correctly matched : Nalanda was a renowned center of Buddhist learning,
attracting scholars from across Asia.
Nalanda University (Bihar) was one of the greatest centers of Buddhist learning in
ancient
India, flourishing under the Gupta and Pala dynasties. It attracted scholars from across
Asia, including China, Korea, and Tibet.

--- Page 58 ---
Q.73 What is the correct chronological order in which the following appeared in India?
[1998]
1. Iron plough
2. Urban culture
3. Punch-marked silver coins
4. Gold coins
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 3, 4, 1, 2 (b) 3, 4, 2, 1
(c) 4, 3, 1, 2 (d) 4, 3, 2, 1
Answer: (c)
Exp: This question examines the chronological advancements in India’s economy and
technology from early urbanization to economic transactions.
The correct order of development:
● Urban Culture arose with the Indus Valley Civilization (~2600 BCE), marking the
emergence of planned urban centers.(2)
● Iron Plough usage began around the 1st millennium BCE, enhancing agricultural
output.(1)
● Punch-marked Silver Coins started circulating by the 6th century BCE as e arly
currency.(3)
● Gold Coins were introduced during the Kushan period, establishing high -value
currency standards.(4)
Q.74 According to ancient Indian cosmogonic ideas, the sequential order of the cycle of
four
yugas is: [1996]
(a) Dvapara, Krita, Treta, and Kali (b) Krita, Dvapara, Treta, and Kali
(c) Krita, Treta, Dvapara, and Kali (d) Treta, Dvapara, Kali, and Krita
Answer: (c)
Exp: The four yugas —Krita (Satya), Treta, Dvapara, and Kali —form a cyclical model in
Hindu
cosmology, depicting a gradual decline in virtue and dharma over time. A full Yuga cycle

lasts 4,320,000 years (12,000 divine years), and a Kalpa, or epoch, consists of a
thousand
such cycles.
Option (c) is correct : Based on Yuga Duration Table given below:
Yuga Duration (in years)
Krita (Satya) 1,728,000 years (4,800 divine years)
Treta 1,296,000 years (3,600 divine years)
Dvapara 864,000 years (2,400 divine years)
Kali 432,000 years (1,200 divine years)
--- Page 59 ---
Q.75 Which one of the following temples figured in the news regarding the institution of
the
Devadasi? [1996]
(a) Jagannath Puri Temple
(b) Pashupatinath Temple
(c) Kandariya Mahadev Temple, Khajuraho
(d) Chausath Yogini Temple, Bhedaghat
Answer: (a)
Exp: The Jagannath Puri Temple, located in Odisha, is one of the holiest pilgrimage
sites in India,
dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Lord Vishnu. It is famous for its annual Rath
Yatra
(chariot festival), attracting millions of devotees.
Option (a) is correct : The Devadasi system involved dedicating women to serve deities
through rituals and dance, often leading to social exploitation. The Jagannath Puri
Temple
in Odisha is historically associated with this tradition, where Devadasis were committed
to
temple service, showcasing both devotion and the cultural acceptance of the practice in
temple life. Over time, this system drew criticism due to its exploitative aspects,
prompting
reforms. The association of Devadasis with the Jagannath Temple highlights Odisha’s
rich
religious culture and complex socio-religious customs.
Q.76 The term Yavanapriya, mentioned in ancient Sanskrit texts, denoted: [1995]
(a) a fine variety of Indian muslin
(b) Ivory
(c) damsels sent to the Greek court for dance performance
(d) pepper
Answer: (d)
Exp: Ancient Indian Sanskrit texts list a variety of trade items, including spices (like
pepper and
cardamom), silks, precious stones, and textiles. These goods were traded across the
Indian

subcontinent and with foreign lands, facilitating cultural and economic exchange.
Option (d) is correct : Yavanapriya is a term in ancient Sanskrit texts referring to pepper,
a
commodity highly prized in early Indo -Mediterranean trade. The term "Yavanapriya" is
made up of two Sanskrit words, "Yavana" referring to Greeks and "priya" meaning loved.
Ancient Sanskrit texts used this term to denote the commodity loved by the Greeks from
India. This lucrative trade in spices, particularly pepper, was crucial for India's ancient
economy and helped establish India as a prominent player in global commerce.

Free PDF download link

Other Question Paper:

SSC UPSC GK General Knowledge Exam Question paper Free PDF Download Link

RRB Railway Exam Previoius Year Solved Question Paper Free PDF Download

SSC Previoius Year Solved Question Paper Modern Indian History 1995-2025 Free PDF Download