IBPS PO Prelims 2025 Previous Year Question Paper Memory Based With free PDF Download link -Aug 17, 2025
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1. P + Q' means P is the mother of Q. 2. P + Q' means P is the brother of Q. 3. P + Q' means P is the sister of Q. 4. P @ Q' means P is the husband of Q. 5. P! Q' means P is the wife of Q. Given: M - R, N + R, M @ N, R - S, T + S, R - U, T + U, U × S, S! W, S + X.
Ques. 1. How is M related to S?
1. Son
2. Uncle
3. Father
4. Brother-in-law
5. Grandfather
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 2. How is N related to U?
1. Daughter
2. Mother
3. Grandmother
4. Sister
5. Aunt
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 3. How is M related to X?
1. Great-grandfather
2. Grandfather
3. Father-in-law
4. Father
5. Uncle
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 4. In a certain code language, each letter of a word is shifted forward in the alphabet by a number of places equal to its position within the word (the 1st letter shifts by 1 place, the 2nd by 2 places, and so on). What will be the code for the word 'BRICK'?
1. CTLGP
2. BTLGP
3. CTLGO
4. CTMGP
5. CSLGP
Correct Option - 1
In the following questions, the symbols &, @, =, # and % are used with the following meanings, illustrated below: 'P & Q' means P is less than or equal to Q.
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1. P @ Q' means P is greater than Q. 2. P = Q' means P is equal to Q. P # Q' means P is less than Q. 3. P % Q' means P is greater than or equal to Q. Now, in each question, assuming the given statements to be true, find which of the two conclusions I and II (if any) is/are definitely true, and select your answer accordingly: (1) if only conclusion I is true; (2) if only conclusion II is true; (3) if either I or II is true; (4) if neither I nor II is true; (5) if both I and II are true.
Ques.5. Statements:J&K@L = M#N$
Conclusions: I.K @ M.II. # N
1. Only II is true
2. Both I and II are true
3. Neither I nor II is true
4. Either I or II is true
5. Only I is true
Correct Option - 5
Ques.6. Statements:W @ X%Y#Z&V Conclusions: I.W @ YII.X#V
1. Only I is true
2. Both I and II are true
3. Only II is true
4. Neither I nor II is true
5. Either I or II is true
Correct Option - 1
Ques.7. Statements:P#Q&R@S$T Conclusions: I.P#RII.R@T
1. Neither I nor II is true
2. Both I and II are true
3. Only I is true
4. Either I or II is true
5. Only II is true
Correct Option - 2
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below.
Nine people - I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P and Q - live in a building with three floors, and each floor has three flats arranged left to right as seen facing the building: Left, Middle and Right. K lives directly above N. O and L live on the same (topmost) floor, with O immediately to the left of L, and M immediately to the right of L. P lives directly below L. J lives on the same floor as P, immediately to the right of P. J lives directly above Q. M lives directly above J. I lives on the lowest floor, immediately to the right of N. Q lives on the same floor as I, immediately to the right of I.
Ques.8. Who lives on the floor immediately above P?
1. K
2. M
3. J
4. O
5. L
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1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Six
5. Five
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 10. Who lives directly below J?
1. K
2. Q
3. P
4. I
5. N
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 11. J is related to Q in a certain way, and K is related to N in the same way. Following the same pattern, L is related to which of the following?
1. P
2. I
3. M
4. Q
5. O
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 12. In four of the following five pairs, the two people live on the same floor and sit immediately next to each other. Which pair does not belong to this group?
1. O-L
2. N-I
3. K-J
4. P-J
5. K-P
Correct Option - 3
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below. Six people - A, B, C, D, E and F - sit in Row 1 facing north, and six people - G, H, I, J, K and L - sit in Row 2 facing south, such that each person in Row 2 faces exactly one person in Row 1 (same position number). F sits third from the left end of Row 1. Exactly two people sit to the right of B in Row 1. D faces J. A faces H, and A sits at one of the extreme ends of Row 1. I sits second from the right end of Row 2. Only one person sits between F and E in Row 1. K sits at one of the extreme ends of Row 2. Exactly two people sit between H and L in Row 2. E does not sit at either extreme end of Row 1. The person facing E sits immediately to the left of L (as per Row 2's own direction of facing). J sits second from the left end of Row 2.
Ques. 13. Who sits immediately to the left of F in Row 1 (as per F's own direction of facing)?
1. E
2. D
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3. No one
4. A
5. B
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 14. How many people sit between D and C in Row 1?
1. Four
2. Five
3. Three
4. Two
5. One
Correct Option - 3
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 15. G faces which of the following persons?
1. D
2. A
3. F
4. E
5. B
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 16. Who sits second to the right of I, as per Row 2's own direction of facing?
1. L
2. G
3. H
4. K
5. J
Correct Option - 2
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 17. In each of the following pairs, the first person sits immediately to the right of the second person (as per each row's own direction of facing), except one. Which pair does not follow this pattern?
1. L-1
2. E- C
3. J- G
4. B- F
5. D- A
Correct Option - 2
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 18. How many people in total sit at the extreme ends of the two rows, combined?
1. Two
2. Four
3. Six
4. Five
5. Three
Correct Option - 2
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1. Either I or II follows
2. Only II follows
3. Neither I nor II follows
4. Only I follows
5. Both I and II follow
Ques. 19. Statements: All doctors are engineers. No engineer is a singer. Some singers are painters. Some painters are engineers. Conclusions: I. No doctor is a singer. II. Some painters are not singers.
Conclusions: I. No doctor is a singer. II. Some painters are not singers.
1. Either I or II follows
2. Only II follows
3. Neither I nor II follows
4. Only I follows
5. Both I and II follow
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 20. Statements: Some books are pens. All pens are pencils. No pencil is an eraser. Conclusions: I. Some erasers are books. II. No eraser is a book.
1. Only I follows
2. Neither I nor II follows
3. Only II follows
4. Both I and II follow
5. Either I or II follows
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 21. Statements: All cups are plates. Some plates are bowls. No bowl is a spoon. Conclusions: I. Some plates are not spoons. II. No cup is a bowl.
1. Only I follows
2. Neither I nor II follows
3. Only II follows
4. Either I or II follows
5. Both I and II follow
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 22. In a class of 30 students, Rohit ranks 12th from the top. Priya ranks 8 places below Rohit's rank (counted from the top). If 5 students who rank below Priya leave the class, what will be Priya's new rank from the bottom?
1. 16th
2. 5th
3. 11th
4. 6th
5. 9th
Correct Option - 4
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below. Eight people - R, S, T, U, V, W, X and Y - attend a conference, two people in each of four months: February, April, June and September, on the 8th or the 22nd of the month (not necessarily in that order), such that within each month one person attends on the 8th and the other on the 22nd. Exactly three people attend between R and Y (counting all people who attend after R and before Y). T attends immediately after W. Only one person attends between T and Y. Y attends immediately after S. X attends immediately after V, and both attend in the same
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1. Five
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
5. One
Correct Option - 3
Quest. 24. If all eight people are rearranged in English alphabetical order of their names, from the earliest date onward, who would now occupy the position that Y originally held?
1. U
2. T
3. X
4. V
5. W
Correct Option - 4
Quest. 25. Who among the following attends the conference immediately before U?
1. X
2. S
3. T
4. Y
5. V
Correct Option - 4
Quest. 26. In which month does S attend the conference?
1. February
2. April
3. September
4. June
5. Cannot be determined
Correct Option - 2
Quest. 27. How many people attend the conference after V?
1. One
2. Three
3. Four
4. None
5. Two
Correct Option - 1
Quest. 28. Which of the following person- month combinations is correct?
1. U- June
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2. T- February 3. S- June 4. Y- April 5. V- June
Correct Option - 1
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below.
Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below.Eight people — A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H — sit around a circular table, some facing the centre and some facing outside (away from the centre), but not necessarily in this order. A sits second to the left of C. H sits third to the left of C. D sits exactly opposite H. A sits second to the right of D. F sits fourth to the left of B. H faces outside. A faces the centre. C faces the centre. E and D face the same direction. The one who sits second to the right of C faces outside. B faces outside. G faces the centre. F sits immediately to the left of E. G sits immediately to the right of F.
Ques. 29. Who sits third to the right of C?
1. H
2. G
3. F
4. E
5. D
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 30. How many people in the arrangement face outside?
1. Two
2. Three
3. Four
4. Six
5. Five
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 31. Who sits exactly opposite G?
1. B
2. C
3. E
4. D
5. A
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 32. If all eight people are made to sit in English alphabetical order clockwise starting from A's original seat (i.e., A occupies its original seat and the rest follow alphabetically in the clockwise direction), how many people would end up at the same seat as in the original arrangement?
1. Three
2. One
3. Four
4. Two
5. None
Correct Option - 4
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1. A
2. C
3. B
4. H
5. F
Correct Option - 1
ues. 34. In which of the following pairs do both people sit exactly opposite each other AND face the centre?
1. G-C
2. H-D
3. F-B
4. None of these
5. A-E
Correct Option - 1
ues. 35. Rohan starts from his office and walks 15m towards East. He then takes a left turn and walks 8m. He again takes a left turn and walks 6m. He then takes a right turn and walks 4m to reach point Z. What is the shortest distance between Rohan's office and point Z, and in which direction does Z lie with respect to the office?
1. 15m, North-West
2. 12m, North-East
3. 17m, North-East
4. 13m, North-East
5. 15m, North-East
Correct Option - 5
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Quantitative Aptitude
The bar graph below shows the number of male and female workers across three departments of a factory. Study it carefully and answer the questions that follow.
Male and Female Workers by Department (Factory)
Production: Male 120, Female 96
Assembly: Male 192, Female 128
Quality Control: Male 168, Female 96
Ques. 36. What is the total number of workers (male and female combined) in Quality Control?
1. 300
2. 264
3. 280
4. 240
5. 216
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 37. What is the total number of workers (male and female combined) in Production?
1. 216
2. 204
3. 224
4. 196
5. 210
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 38. What is the total number of workers (male and female combined) in Assembly?
1. 320
2. 340
3. 310
4. 330
5. 300
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 39. The number of female workers in Assembly is what percentage of the total number of workers in the factory?
1. 14%
2. 16%
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3. 20%
4. 12%
5. 18%
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 40. Find the ratio of male workers in Quality Control to female workers in Production.
1. 9:5
2. 5:3
3. 11:6
4. 7:4
5. 3:2
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 41. Two trains, 220m and 260m long, run on parallel tracks in opposite directions. Their speeds are in the ratio 5:7. If they cross each other in 16 seconds, find the speed of the faster train.
1. 63 km/h
2. 67.5 km/h
3. 54 km/h
4. 58.5 km/h
5. 45 km/h
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 42. A shopkeeper marks an article 40% above its cost price and then allows two successive discounts of 10% and 5%. Find his overall profit percentage.
1. 17.5%
2. 21.2%
3. 18.6%
4. 19.7%
5. 20.5%
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 43. A vessel contains a mixture of milk and water in the ratio 7:3. Another vessel contains a mixture of milk and water in the ratio 4:5. In what ratio should the two mixtures be combined so that the resulting mixture has milk and water in the ratio 3:2?
1. 14:9
2. 9:14
3. 4:5
4. 5:4
5. 7:5
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 44. The present ages of A, B and C are in the ratio 3:4:5. Eight years ago, the sum of their ages was 48 years. Find C's present age.
1. 27 years
2. 24 years
3. 33 years
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4. 36 years
5. 30 years
Correct Option - 5
Quess.45. A solid toy is in the form of a cone mounted on a hemisphere of the same radius. The radius of the hemisphere is 7cm and the height of the cone is 24cm. Find the total surface area of the toy. (Use π = 22 / 7
1. 792cm²
2. 836cm²
3. 880cm²
4. 858cm²
5. 814cm²
Correct Option - 4
What approximate value should come in place of the question mark (?) in each of the following questions?
Quess.46. 48.02% of 649.98 + (15.03)² - 89.97 = ?
1. 453
2. 458
3. 443
4. 448
5. 438
Correct Option - 4
Quess.47. Cube root of 1330.02 × 6.98 + 24.01 = ?
1. 91
2. 101
3. 111
4. 96
5. 106
Correct Option - 2
Quess.48. (23.98)² ÷ 5.99 + 144.02% of 250 = ?
1. 436
2. 446
3. 466
4. 456
5. 476
Correct Option - 4
Quess.49. Square root of 3968.98 × 3.02 + 18.98% of 200 = ?
1. 218
2. 248
3. 228
4. 238
5. 208
Correct Option - 3
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1.284 2.264 3.274 4.244 5.254
Correct Option - 2
Each question below is followed by two statements, I and II. Decide whether the data given in the statements is sufficient to answer the question, and select your answer using the following options: (1) if statement I alone is sufficient but statement II alone is not sufficient; (2) if statement II alone is sufficient but statement I alone is not sufficient; (3) if either statement I or statement II alone is sufficient; (4) if both statements I and II together are necessary, but neither alone is sufficient; (5) if both statements I and II together are still not sufficient.
Ques. 51. What is Rahul's present age?
I. Rahul is 5 years older than Sohan.
II. The ratio of Rahul's age to Sohan's age is 4:3.
1. Both together necessary
2. Either alone sufficient
3. Both together not sufficient
4. Statement I alone sufficient
5. Statement II alone sufficient
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 52. What is the profit percentage earned by a shopkeeper on an article? I. The cost price of the article is Rs 800. II. The selling price of the article is 25% more than the cost price.
1. Statement II alone sufficient
2. Statement I alone sufficient
3. Both together not sufficient
4. Both together necessary
5. Either alone sufficient
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 53. What is the area of a triangle? I. The base of the triangle is 10cm II. The perimeter of the triangle is 30cm
1. Both together necessary
2. Statement II alone sufficient
3. Statement I alone sufficient
4. Either alone sufficient
5. Both together not sufficient
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 54. Is the positive integer x greater than 15?
I. x is a multiple of 8, and x > 10
II. x² > 200
1. Statement II alone sufficient
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2. Either alone sufficient
3. Both together necessary
4. Statement I alone sufficient
5. Both together not sufficient
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 55. Is the number Y divisible by 6?
I. Y is divisible by 12. II. Y is divisible by 18.
1. Either alone sufficient
2. Both together not sufficient
3. Statement I alone sufficient
4. Statement II alone sufficient
5. Both together necessary
Correct Option - 1
The table below shows partial data on the total number of employees and the percentage of women employees in five companies. Some values are missing (marked '?') and must be derived using the additional note below the table.
Company | Total Employees | Women (%)
P | 500 | 40%
Q | ? | 45% (270 women)
R | 600 | ? (360 men)
S | ? | 50% (200 women)
T | 450 | 60%
Note: In Company Q, the number of women (270) equals 45% of its total employees. In Company R, the number of men is 360. In Company S, the number of women (200) equals 50% of its total employees.
Ques. 56. What is the total number of employees in Company Q?
1. 620
2. 560
3. 580
4. 600
5. 540
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 57. What percentage of employees in Company R are women?
1. 40%
2. 50%
3. 45%
4. 30%
5. 35%
Correct Option - 1
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1. 1400 2. 1430 3. 1310 4. 1340 5. 1370
Correct Option - 5
Quess. 59. Find the ratio of the number of women in Company P to the number of women in Company T.
1. 18:25
2. 21:28
3. 22:29
4. 19:26
5. 20:27
Correct Option - 5
Quess. 60. The number of women in Company S is what percentage of the total number of employees in Company P?
1. 30%
2. 50%
3. 35%
4. 40%
5. 45%
Correct Option - 4
Quess. 61. The compound interest on a sum of Rs 8,000 for 2 years at 10% per annum, compounded annually, exceeds the simple interest on the same sum for the same time and rate by how much?
1. Rs 60
2. Rs 80
3. Rs 90
4. Rs 70
5. Rs 100
Correct Option - 2
Quess. 62. A committee of 5 members is to be formed from 6 men and 4 women. In how many ways can this be done if the committee must include at least 3 women?
1. 56
2. 70
3. 66
4. 60
5. 64
Correct Option - 3
In each question, two equations, I and II, are given. Solve both equations and find the relationship between x and y, then select your answer using the following options: (1) x < y; (2) x > y; (3) x ≤ y; (4) x ≥ y; (5) x = y or the relationship cannot be established.
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1. x > y 2. x ≥ y 3. Relationship cannot be established 4. x ≤ y 5. x < y
Correct Option - 4
Quess.64.1. x² - 7x + 12 = 0 II. y² - 3y - 4 = 0
1. x < y
2. x ≥ y
3. Relationship cannot be established
4. x > y
5. x ≤ y
Correct Option - 3
Quess.65.1. 2x² - 9x + 9 = 0 II. y² - 8y + 16 = 0
1. x ≥ y
2. x > y
3. Relationship cannot be established
4. x ≤ y
5. x < y
Correct Option - 5
Quess.66.1. x² - 13x + 42 = 0 II. y² - 11y + 30 = 0
1. Relationship cannot be established
2. x < y
3. x > y
4. x ≥ y
5. x ≤ y
Correct Option - 4
Quess.67.1. x² - 17x + 72 = 0 II. y² - 9y + 20 = 0
1. x ≤ y
2. x < y
3. x > y
4. x ≥ y
5. Relationship cannot be established
Correct Option - 3
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8. Pipe A can fill a tank in 10 hours and Pipe B can fill it in 15 hours. Pipe C can empty the full tank in 12 hours. If all three pipes are opened together for 4 hours and then Pipe C is closed, how many more hours will A and B together take to fill the remaining part of the tank?
1. 3 hours
2. 3.5 hours
3. 5 hours
4. 4.5 hours
5. 4 hours
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 69. A, B and C started a business with investments in the ratio 3:5:7. After 6 months, A doubled his investment, while B and C each withdrew exactly half of their respective investments; these new amounts continued for the remaining 6 months. If the total profit at the end of the year is Rs 18,000, find C's share of the profit.
1. Rs 6,500
2. Rs 7,000
3. Rs 7,500
4. Rs 6,000
5. Rs 5,000
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 70. A boat's speed in still water is 20km/h. It takes 2 hours more to cover 96 km upstream than to cover the same distance downstream. Find the speed of the stream.
1. 5 km/h
2. 3 km/h
3. 4 km/h
4. 6 km/h
5. 8 km/h
Correct Option - 3
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1. comfort
2. flexibility
3. capacity
4. efficiency
5. strain
Correct Option - 5
English Language
In the following passage, there are five blanks, each followed by a number corresponding to a question with five options. Choose the option that fits each blank most appropriately.
Rapid urbanisation across the developing world has placed enormous (1) on existing public transport infrastructure. Cities that were designed decades ago for a fraction of their current population now (2) with overcrowded buses, congested roads, and unreliable train services. Policymakers have responded with a range of measures, from expanding metro networks to (3) dedicated bus corridors that bypass traffic. However, critics argue that such measures often (4) the needs of low- income commuters, who are frequently pushed to the periphery of new transit lines by rising property prices near stations. Unless urban planning becomes more (5) the very people who rely most heavily on public transport risk being left behind by its expansion.
Ques. 71. Choose the most appropriate word for blank 1?
1. comfort
2. flexibility
3. capacity
4. efficiency
5. strain
Correct Option - 5
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 72. Choose the most appropriate word for blank 2?
1. celebrate
2. negotiate
3. grapple
4. comply
5. relax
Correct Option - 3
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 73. Choose the most appropriate word for blank 3?
1. avoiding
2. ignoring
3. postponing
4. demolishing
5. introducing
Correct Option - 5
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 74. Choose the most appropriate word for blank 4?
1. overlook
2. fund
3. publicize
4. celebrate
5. prioritize
Correct Option - 1
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 75. Choose the most appropriate word for blank 5?
1. delayed
2. inclusive
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3. automated
4. centralized
5. expensive
Correct Option - 2
In each of the following sentences, two blanks are given. Select the option that can fill BOTH blanks appropriately (the same word is used in a different sense in each blank).
Ques. 76. Her method of teaching mathematics was refreshingly , and she eventually turned her classroom anecdotes into a bestselling that inspired thousands of readers.
1. unique
2. creative
3. innovative
4. novel
5. original
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 77. He needed someone to formally his proposal so that it could be put to a vote, but he realised he had only a to make his case before time ran out.
1. approve
2. support
3. witness
4. moment
5. second
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 78. After years of chasing promotions, she finally felt with her current role, though her manager still worried about the of her recent reports, which seemed rushed.
1. satisfied
2. pleased
3. quality
4. happy
5. content
Correct Option - 5
In each sentence below, four words/phrases are labelled (A), (B), (C) and (D). Identify which two labels must be interchanged for the sentence to be logically correct. If the sentence is already correct as it stands, select 'No interchange required'.
Ques. 79. The (A) inexperienced intern was assigned to (B) draft the company's most sensitive legal contract, while the (C) seasoned attorney, who had practised law for over two decades, was asked merely to (D) proofread a routine internal memo.
1. A-D
2. A-C and B-D (both)
3. A-C
4. B-D
5. No interchange required
Correct Option - 4
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1. No interchange required
2. B- D
3. C- D
4. A- C
5. A- B
Correct Option - 1
Quess. 81. Only after the (A) minor kitchen fire had barely singed the curtains did firefighters need (B) three hours and considerable effort to bring it under control, whereas the (C) massive wildfire that razed thousands of acres was put out (D) within seconds using a single bucket of water.
1. A-C and B-D (both)
2. No interchange required
3. B-D
4. A-C
5. A-D
Correct Option - 3
Rearrange the following six sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in a logical sequence to form a coherent and meaningful paragraph, and then answer the questions given below. (A) Consequently, some economists have begun to speak of a 'donut effect', in which economic activity hollows out from city centres and redistributes toward suburbs and smaller towns. (B) When large numbers of office workers stopped commuting into central business districts, the cafes, dry cleaners, and transit systems that depended on their daily presence lost a substantial share of their revenue overnight. (C) The shift toward remote work, accelerated dramatically by the pandemic, did not merely change where people performed their jobs; it altered the economic geography of entire metropolitan regions. (D) Yet it would be premature to conclude that central business districts are doomed to permanent decline, since many employers have since settled into hybrid arrangements that still bring workers downtown several days a week. (E) Whether this represents a temporary adjustment or a lasting restructuring of urban economies remains one of the more closely watched questions in urban economics today. (F) At the same time, residential demand shifted outward, as employees no longer tied to a daily commute sought larger homes in less expensive, lower- density areas.
Quess. 82. Which sentence should come FIRST after the rearrangement?
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. F
Correct Option - 2
Quess. 83. Which sentence should come SECOND after the rearrangement?
1. B
2. D
3. F
4. C
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5. A
Correct Option - 1
Ques. 84. Which sentence should come THIRD after the rearrangement?
1. D
2. F
3. C
4. B
5. A
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 85. Which sentence should come FOURTH after the rearrangement?
1. C
2. B
3. F
4. D
5. A
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 86. Which sentence should come FIFTH after the rearrangement?
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. B
5. F
Correct Option - 2
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.
Algorithmic risk- assessment tools have become increasingly common in criminal justice systems, where they are used to predict the likelihood that a defendant will reoffend or fail to appear in court. Proponents contend that such tools introduce a welcome degree of consistency into decisions - such as bail- setting and sentencing recommendations - that have historically been vulnerable to the idiosyncrasies, and at times the biases, of individual judges. An algorithm, the argument runs, applies the same criteria to every defendant, unmoved by fatigue, mood, or unconscious prejudice.
This optimism has been tempered by a growing body of research suggesting that these tools can encode and even amplify the very biases they were meant to eliminate. Because predictive algorithms are trained on historical arrest and conviction data, and because policing has historically been more intensive in certain neighbourhoods, the tools can learn to associate risk with factors that correlate closely with race and class, even when race is not an explicit input. A tool that appears neutral on its face may therefore reproduce, and lend a veneer of scientific objectivity to, patterns of disparate treatment that a human decision- maker might at least be capable of questioning.
Compounding this concern is the problem of opacity. Many of these systems are developed by private vendors who treat their algorithms as proprietary trade secrets, making it difficult for defendants, and sometimes even for judges, to understand precisely why a given score was assigned. Legal scholars have argued that this opacity sits uneasily with due- process norms, which generally presume that a person subject to a legal determination should be able to understand and contest the basis for it. Some jurisdictions have begun to require greater transparency from vendors, while others have paused the use of such tools altogether pending further study. What remains clear is that the promise of algorithmic objectivity is considerably more complicated in practice than its proponents originally suggested.
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1. Judges are inherently more biased than algorithms and should be replaced entirely.
2. Private vendors should be banned from developing criminal justice technology.
3. While intended to reduce bias, algorithmic risk-assessment tools can reproduce and obscure it, raising
4. Historical arrest data is entirely free of bias and provides a reliable basis for prediction.
5. Algorithmic risk-assessment tools have completely eliminated bias from criminal justice decisions.
Correct Option - 3
Quess. 88. According to the passage, why might a predictive algorithm associate risk with factors that correlate with race, even without race as an explicit input?
1. Because defendants voluntarily disclose their race during bail hearings
2. Because all algorithms are inherently incapable of processing demographic data
3. Because judges manually adjust the algorithm's output based on race
4. Because the algorithm is trained on historical data reflecting uneven policing intensity across
5. Because algorithm developers deliberately programme racial bias into the system
Correct Option - 4
Quess. 89. It can be inferred from the passage that the author views the 'promise of algorithmic objectivity' as:
1. Something only private vendors genuinely understand
2. A myth with no basis in reality
3. Irrelevant to the criminal justice system
4. More complicated in practice than initially claimed by supporters
5. Fully realized and beyond question
Correct Option - 4
Quess. 90. Which of the following is the closest meaning of 'idiosyncrasies' as used in the passage?
1. Public opinions
2. Statistical methods
3. Legal qualifications
4. Strengths
5. Peculiarities or quirks specific to an individual
Correct Option - 5
Quess. 91. Which of the following is the closest meaning of 'opacity' as used in the passage?
1. Affordability
2. Accuracy
3. Lack of clarity or difficulty in understanding
4. Popularity
5. Transparency
Correct Option - 3
Quess. 92. Choose the word closest in meaning to 'veneer' as used in the passage (a superficial or deceptive outward appearance).
1. Foundation
2. Core
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3. Facade
4. Absence
5. Proof
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 93. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
1. Historical arrest data is unaffected by policing patterns.
2. Some jurisdictions have paused the use of these tools pending further study.
3. All jurisdictions have banned algorithmic risk-assessment tools.
4. Algorithms are always transparent about how scores are calculated.
5. Judges are never vulnerable to bias or fatigue.
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 94. What is the primary function of the second paragraph in the overall structure of the passage?
1. To completely refute the claims made in the first paragraph
2. To provide statistical data supporting algorithmic tools
3. To conclude the passage with a final recommendation
4. To describe the history of criminal justice reform
5. To introduce a concern that complicates the optimistic view presented in the first paragraph
Correct Option - 5
Ques. 95. According to the passage, why does the opacity of these systems sit uneasily with due- process norms?
1. Because due-process norms prohibit the use of any technology in courts
2. Because due-process norms generally presume a person can understand and contest the basis of a
3. Because due-process norms require decisions to be made quickly
4. Because due-process norms require unanimous jury verdicts
5. Because due-process norms are only relevant to civil cases
Correct Option - 2
Each sentence below is divided into four parts, labelled (A), (B), (C) and (D). Read each sentence to find whether there is a grammatical error in any of the parts. If you find an error, select that part as your answer. If a sentence has no error, select 'No error'.
Ques. 96. Neither the manager nor the employees was aware (A) / of the sudden policy change (B) / that had been implemented without (C) / any prior consultation. (D) / No error (E)
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. No error
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 97. Hardly had the meeting begun (A) / when the fire alarm started ringing (B) / , forcing everyone to evacuate (C) / the building immediate. (D) / No error (E)
1. No error
2. D
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3. A
4. C
5. B
Correct Option - 2
Ques. 98. The number of students who have applied (A) / for the scholarship this year (B) / are significantly higher (C) / than it was last year. (D) / No error (E)
1. A
2. D
3. C
4. No error
5. B
Correct Option - 3
Ques. 99. She is one of those rare leaders (A) / who always listens to her team (B) / before making a final decision (C) / on any important matter. (D) / No error (E)
1. A
2. No error
3. D
4. B
5. C
Correct Option - 4
Ques. 100. By the time the new policy comes into effect (A) / next month, the committee will have reviewed (B) / it thoroughly and submitted (C) / their recommendations to the board. (D) / No error (E)
1. C
2. No error
3. A
4. D
5. B
Correct Option - 4
IBPS PO Prelims 2025 Previous Year Question Paper Memory Based With free PDF Download link -Aug 17, 2025
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