SBI Clerk Mains Exam Previous Year Question Paper 2025 with Free PDF Download link Online
Questions Section
Q1. In the question below, three sentences are given which may not be in grammatically correct form. Choose the set of sentence(s) from the given options that is/are incorrect. If all the sentences are correct, choose "No Error" as the answer choice.
(A) The committee, which comprises experts from diverse fields, have been deliberating for weeks but has yet to arrive at a unanimous decision.
(B) She insisted that the final draft be reviewed thoroughly before it is sent to the publisher for approval.
(C) The traditions of the region, which date back several centuries, continues to influence the lifestyle of people even today.
(a) Only (A)
(b) Both (B) and (C)
(c) Only (C)
(d) Both (A) and (C)
(e) No Error
Q2. In the question below, three sentences are given which may not be in grammatically correct form. Choose the set of sentence(s) from the given options that is/are incorrect. If all the sentences are correct, choose "No Error" as the answer choice.
(A) The findings of the report indicates that several crucial policies were implemented without assessing their long-term impact on rural livelihoods.
(B) No sooner had the announcement been made than the investors began to reconsider their earlier decisions.
(C) Each of the participants who were shortlisted for the final round were required to submit an additional set of documents.
(a) Only (A)
(b) Both (A) and (C)
(c) Only (C)
(d) Both (A) and (B)
(e) No Error
Directions (3-9): Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
What may seem like an innocuous television commercial or a playful Instagram post can, in reality, be a calculated attempt at psychological persuasion. Deceptive advertising has become increasingly sophisticated, employing techniques that blur the line between suggestion and manipulation. While not always overtly fraudulent, many of these practices are ethically questionable and, in some cases, egregious.
A recent study conducted by Stanford University revealed that emotionally resonant advertisements significantly increase consumer trust, even when the claims lack empirical evidence. The research found that people under stress or time constraints were especially vulnerable, responding more positively to emotionally charged ads that appeal to sentiment rather than logic.
Adding to this concern, a joint investigation by the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Cambridge examined the growing trend of hyper-targeted digital ads. These ads, often powered by AI algorithms, utilize personal browsing histories to present consumers with content tailored to their psychological profiles. The findings suggest that such ads are not only invasive but also exploitative, particularly when they use ambiguous or scientific-sounding terms like "clinically tested" or "dermatologist approved" that lack standardized definitions.
Especially troubling is the targeting of vulnerable demographics—including teenagers, the elderly, and low-income communities—who may lack the critical thinking skills or access to reliable information necessary to evaluate claims. The Cambridge study noted a marked decline in skepticism among such groups, making them more susceptible to spurious health products, financial schemes, and false promises.
Though regulatory bodies like the Federal Trade Commission exist, enforcement remains patchy and reactive. Loopholes and vague language in advertising codes allow brands to operate in grey zones, maintaining plausible deniability while misleading consumers.
As deceptive techniques grow more refined, the need for media literacy, ethical oversight, and clearer legal definitions becomes urgent. Consumers must be equipped not only to recognize manipulative rhetoric, but also to question the intent behind even the most innocuous-seeming promotional content.
Q3. Which statement BEST reflects the author's view of regulatory oversight?
(a) Rules currently exist but are applied unevenly and fail to keep pace with modern tactics.
(b) Oversight is consistent and successfully prevents most forms of deceptive advertising.
(c) Existing guidelines are too strict overall and tend to restrict creative marketing ideas.
(d) The federal agency in charge plays a major role in enabling manipulative advertising.
(e) Present legal standards are highly effective and have removed misleading practices.
Q4. If a company uses the phrase "doctor tested for results" without defining the testing process, which concern raised in the passage is MOST applicable?
(a) The possibility that data gathered from different groups may be skewed due to demographic imbalances.
(b) The tactic of using vague scientific-sounding claims to create a misleading sense of credibility.
(c) The chance that the product may be violating established federal rules governing medical testing.
(d) The likelihood that rising market pressures are prompting brands to compete through aggressive tactics.
(e) The strategy of relying heavily on emotional appeal rather than clear, verifiable information.
Q5. Match the universities mentioned in the passage with the specific research roles or contributions they made, based on the information provided.
| Column I | Column II |
| :--- | :--- |
| (A) Stanford University | 1. Conducted a joint investigation into hyper-targeted digital ads using psychological profiling techniques. |
| (B) University of Pennsylvania | 2. Performed research showing that emotional advertisements increase consumer trust even without supporting evidence. |
| (C) University of Cambridge | 3. Identified a decline in skepticism among vulnerable groups exposed to manipulative digital content. |
(a) A-2, B-1, C-3
(b) A-3, B-2, C-1
(c) A-1, B-3, C-2
(d) A-2, B-3, C-1
(e) A-3, B-1, C-2
Q6. Which underlying reasoning error does the passage most strongly caution readers about in the context of manipulative advertising strategies?
(a) The fallacy of division—incorrectly inferring that what influences a subset of buyers must equally influence the entire consumer base.
(b) The trap of circular justification—presenting an unverified advertising claim as the very evidence that supposedly validates it.
(c) The appeal to emotion—substituting rational proof with sentiments designed to override critical evaluation.
(d) The strawman technique—misrepresenting alternative viewpoints to make deceptive claims appear more credible.
(e) The false analogy—drawing misleading comparisons between unrelated ideas to fabricate persuasive impact.
Q7. According to the passage, which of the following factors contribute to the difficulty of regulating deceptive advertising?
(I) Regulatory agencies often operate reactively, responding only after misleading ads have already caused harm.
(II) Advertising codes contain vague language and loopholes that allow brands to avoid accountability.
(III) Most consumers voluntarily provide detailed personal data, making strict oversight unnecessary.
(a) Only (I)
(b) Only (II)
(c) Both (II) and (III)
(d) Both (I) and (II)
(e) All (I), (II), and (III)
Q8. The passage implies that the deceptive techniques used in modern advertising pose a challenge because:
(a) Scientific terminology used in advertisements is legally required to meet uniform industry definitions.
(b) Most digital platforms openly disclose how psychological profiling shapes individualized advertising content.
(c) Traditional broadcast commercials are now more tightly regulated than digital promotional material.
(d) Advertisers generally avoid targeting groups that may have limited access to credible information sources.
(e) Consumers often fail to distinguish between genuine expert endorsements and fabricated authority signals used by advertisers.
Q9. There are five words highlighted in the passage. Choose the word that has the same meaning as the given phrase.
Extremely bad in a way that is very noticeable
(a) innocuous
(b) egregious
(c) exploitative
(d) skepticism
(e) rhetoric
Q10. The passage's description of hyper-targeted ads using AI suggests which underlying implication about modern advertising ecosystems?
(a) Hyper-targeted ads are generally less effective because they lack emotional content or persuasive cues.
(b) AI-driven platforms consistently verify the scientific accuracy of marketing claims before promoting them.
(c) Advertisers rely less on user behavior data than on random content rotation to determine ad placement.
(d) Digital advertising systems prevent manipulation by restricting the use of personal browsing histories.
(e) Algorithms may prioritize psychological vulnerability over user safety when selecting which advertisements to display.
Directions (11-15): Rearrange the following sentences in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph and then answer the question given below.
(A) Emergency response units struggled to access remote villages where communication towers had collapsed and roads were submerged.
(B) Hospitals operated on backup generators, but fuel shortages soon became a pressing concern.
(C) Despite advance warnings from the meteorological department, the cyclone's ferocity overwhelmed local preparedness efforts.
(D) A major cyclone hit the coastal region late Monday night, accompanied by torrential rains and winds reaching 160 km/h.
(E) Entire towns experienced prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents.
(F) In the aftermath, local authorities urged citizens to stay indoors, avoid flooded zones, and report missing persons.
(G) Rescue operations were initiated at dawn, focusing first on the worst-hit districts near the shoreline.
Q11. Which of the following should be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement?
(a) D
(b) F
(c) G
(d) C
(e) B
Q12. Which of the following should be the SIXTH sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) F
(c) G
(d) C
(e) B
Q13. Which of the following will be the correct past tense version of sentence E?
Entire towns experienced prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents.
(a) Entire towns had experience prolonging power outages, which had affected critical services and had isolated thousands of residents.
(b) Entire towns experience prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents.
(c) Entire towns had experienced prolonged power outages, which had affected critical services and had isolated thousands of residents.
(d) Entire towns have experienced prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents.
(e) Entire towns would experience prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents.
Q14. Which of the following should be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) E
(c) G
(d) C
(e) B
Q15. Which of the following should be the SEVENTH (LAST) sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) C
(c) G
(d) F
(e) B
Directions (16-17): A sentence is given with five words highlighted in bold. Choose the word that is correct placed at its position.
Q16. The severe water shortage forced the resources to manage its precarious community more carefully to avoid a crisis during an/a increasingly limited period.
(a) resources
(b) limited
(c) community
(d) increasingly
(e) precarious
Q17. Compelled geopolitical tensions escalating neighboring nations to strategic their reevaluate alliances and allocate resources with heightened prudence.
(a) escalating
(b) heightened
(c) reevaluate
(d) strategic
(e) compelled
Directions (18-20): In the following question, a word is given in bold. Following the word, three sentence are given. Choose the set of sentence(s) that has/have the opposite meaning of the given word.
Q18. RESTRICT
I. The new policy allows employees to expand their working hours according to project needs.
II. The government decided to curb the number of vehicles entering the city during peak hours.
III. The coach encouraged players to broaden their range of practice techniques.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Only III
(d) Both I and III
(e) Both II and III
Q19. FORMER
I. The latter part of the book focuses on the hero's rise to power.
II. The earlier chapters contain most of the important definitions.
III. The concluding portion of the documentary highlights the final years of the singer's life.
(a) Only I
(b) Only III
(c) Both I and III
(d) Only II
(e) None of the above
Q20. DESPAIR
I. The villagers reacted with great hope when the government announced a new irrigation project.
II. Her optimism remained unshaken even after facing several setbacks.
III. The constant failures pushed him into deep disappointment.
(a) Only I
(b) Only II
(c) Both I and II
(d) Only III
(e) Both II and III
Directions (21-25): Combine the given statements (in the same order) using the appropriate connectors (in the same order) from the given pairs.
The first connector should be used to join Statement I and Statement II, and the second connector should be used to join Statement II and Statement III.
Choose the option in which both connectors fit correctly in terms of grammar and meaning.
Q21. I. The conference saw a higher number of international participants.
II. The event was widely promoted across global academic networks.
III. The organizers added extra sessions to accommodate the interest.
(A) since; thus
(B) although; therefore
(C) because; as a result
(a) Only A
(b) Only C
(c) Both A and C
(d) Only B
(e) Both A and B
Q22. I. The city's public transport system witnessed a sharp rise in daily commuters this month.
II. The newly introduced rapid bus corridors significantly reduced travel time across major routes.
III. The administration decided to increase the frequency of buses during peak hours.
(A) because of; therefore
(B) despite; consequently
(C) owing to; hence
(a) Only A
(b) Only C
(c) Both A and C
(d) Only B
(e) Both A and C
Q23. I. The research team received global recognition for its groundbreaking study on renewable materials.
II. Their findings demonstrated a highly efficient method of converting waste into biofuel.
III. Several international institutes approached them for potential collaborations.
(A) since; thus
(B) because; therefore
(C) although; as a result
(a) Only A
(b) Only C
(c) Both A and C
(d) Only B
(e) Both A and B
Q24. I. Residents of the coastal town began relocating to safer areas.
II. Meteorological reports predicted an intense cyclone approaching the region.
III. Emergency response teams were deployed to assist with evacuation efforts.
(A) even though; hence
(B) in response to; consequently
(C) due to; therefore
(a) Both A and C
(b) Only C
(c) Both B and C
(d) Only B
(e) Both A and B
Directions (25-27): The question below consists of three related statements labeled (A), (B), and (C). Determine which of the given sentence starters (I, II, III) can be used to meaningfully and grammatically connect these statements into a coherent sentence or set of sentences.
Q25. (A) The CEO promised complete transparency during the company's restructuring process.
(B) Several critical decisions were made without informing employees.
(C) The workforce began to lose trust in the leadership.
(I) Even though the CEO promised complete transparency...
(II) Because the leadership kept employees uninformed...
(III) In response to the lack of communication from leadership...
(a) Only (I)
(b) Only (II)
(c) Both (I) and (II)
(d) Both (II) and (III)
(e) All of these
Q26. (A) The app received positive reviews for its sleek design.
(B) Many users reported frequent crashes and bugs.
(C) Its overall rating began to decline on app stores.
I. While the app was praised for its sleek design...
II. Because of the frequent crashes and bugs...
III. In spite of its declining ratings on app stores...
(a) Only (I)
(b) Only (II)
(c) Both (I) and (II)
(d) Both (II) and (III)
(e) All of these
Q27. (A) Online education platforms have made learning accessible to millions.
(B) Not all students have reliable internet or digital devices.
(C) This leads to a widening digital divide in education.
I. Although online platforms have expanded access to learning...
II. Due to the lack of internet and devices among some students...
III. Instead of relying on traditional education methods...
(a) Only (I)
(b) Both (I) and (II)
(c) Only (II)
(d) Both (II) and (III)
(e) All of these
Directions (28-30): In the following question, a sentence with two highlighted phrases is given, which may not be grammatically correct. From the given alternatives, choose the most suitable pair of phrases that are both grammatically and contextually correct to replace the incorrect ones.
Q28. The newly developed antiviral drug shows promising results into controlling severe viral infection, but researchers caution that it require extensive human trials before being widely approved.
(I) in controlling severe viral infections / requires extensive human trials
(II) in control of severe viral infection / require extensive human trial
(III) to control severe viral infections / require extensive human trials
(a) Only (I)
(b) Both (I) and
(c) Only (II)
(d) Both (II) and
(e) Both (I) and
Q29. During extreme weather events, emergency shelters become essential for protect vulnerable population, yet many regions fails to provide sufficient resources to accommodate everyone in need.
(I) for protecting vulnerable populations / fail to provide sufficient resources
(II) to protect vulnerability population / fails to provides sufficient resource
(III) for protecting vulnerable people / fail to provides sufficient resources
(a) Only (I)
(b) Both (I) and
(c) Only (II)
(d) Both (II) and
(e) Both (I) and
Q30. In the question below, three sentences are given. Identify the sentence(s) that is/are grammatically correct. Choose the correct option.
(A) Despite several warnings from the regulatory body, the company have failed to implement the mandatory safety protocols across its manufacturing units.
(B) The curator of the exhibition, along with her team of young researchers, has been working tirelessly to restore the damaged artefacts before the museum reopens to the public.
(C) Neither the minister nor his advisors was willing to address the concerns raised by the environmental groups during the meeting.
(a) Only (A)
(b) Only (B)
(c) Only (C)
(d) Only (A) and (C)
(e) Only (B) and (C)
Q31. In the question below, three sentences are given. Identify the sentence(s) that is/are grammatically correct. Choose the correct option.
(A) The increasing number of digital transactions not only improves financial transparency but also reduces the dependence on cash-based practices in rural markets.
(B) Owing to the recent reforms, several institutions that were previously functioning independently are now required to coordinate with one another for better policy integration.
(C) The panel of experts have suggested that the final draft of the policy should undergo a comprehensive review before being circulated for public feedback.
(a) Only (A)
(c) Only (C)
(d) Only (A) and (B)
(e) Only (B) and (C)
Directions (32-34): A sentence has been given with two blanks. Choose an appropriate phrase from the options given. Each option consists of two short phrases, the first for the first blank and the second for the second blank. Choose the option that makes the sentence grammatically correct and logically meaningful as a whole.
Q32. The museum displayed the ancient sculpture at the centre hall, ______, and highlighted it in its brochure, ______.
(a) although interest declined / to reduce attention
(b) since it drew large crowds / to increase engagement
(c) even though it was damaged / while restricting access
(d) because space was limited / so visitors ignored it
(e) despite poor lighting / in order to hide flaws
Q33. The school placed safety instructions at the entrance, ______, and repeated the message over announcements, ______.
(a) although students ignored them / to confuse everyone
(b) because staff forgot them / to avoid responsibility
(c) even though parents objected / to reduce clarity
(d) despite outdated rules / while banning reminders
(e) since it was mandatory / to ensure awareness
Q34. The library shifted the reference section to the first floor, ______, and updated its signs, ______.
(a) although readers protested / to mislead visitors
(b) even though space was tight / to create disorder
(c) since it offered more room / to guide everyone clearly
(d) because books were outdated / while removing labels
(e) despite reduced access / to confuse newcomers
Directions (35-40): Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
The enduring draw effect of James Wilson's philosophy lies in its uncommon synthesis of law, ethics, and democratic principle. A signer of both the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution, Wilson was more than a legal drafter; he was a moral theorist who believed the purpose of law was not just to govern behavior, but to shape the moral consciousness of the people.
Wilson's philosophical writings reveal a deliberate repetition of foundational concepts—liberty grounded in responsibility, popular sovereignty, and the ethical role of law. This repetition was not redundancy, but a rhetorical strategy to embed moral principles deeply into civic understanding. Equally important was his use of differentiation, especially in distinguishing between legal authority and moral legitimacy. He argued that law, when stripped of ethical grounding, loses both its authority and its purpose.
His approach emphasized the employment of law as a constructive force, not merely a restrictive one. In his lectures on jurisprudence, Wilson wrote that "law should be a guide to virtue, not merely a curb on vice." This view marked a notable shift from punitive legal models toward what he saw as law's educational and ethical function.
Wilson's theories were not speculative abstractions; they were grounded in observations drawn from both historical president and the political climate of his time. He supported his ideas with references that spanned classical political philosophy to real-time constitutional debates, demonstrating an attentiveness to both theory and practical governance. His thinking operated on a scale that included both the philosophical and the empirical, linking ideals with observable realities.
Today, Wilson's ideas may lack popular recognition, yet their draw effect persists in constitutional scholarship and civic theory. His belief in the moral employment of law, the educational power of legal systems, and the integration of ethics into democratic life continues to offer a compelling alternative to purely procedural governance.
Q35. Which inference about Wilson's conception of law is most convincingly supported by the passage?
(a) He dismissed the relevance of historical exemplars, deeming them inconsequential to the evolution of legal doctrine.
(b) He asserted that juridical power remains wholly intact even when severed from any underlying moral rationale.
(c) He contended that retributive legal frameworks possess superior efficacy compared to formative, virtue-oriented models.
(d) He maintained that legal authority attains true validity only when anchored in substantive ethical foundations.
(e) He argued that civic compliance should be governed exclusively through procedural mechanisms devoid of ethical context.
Q36. The distinction drawn between "legal authority" and "moral legitimacy" indicates that Wilson would MOST likely endorse which view?
(a) Incorporating ethical reasoning into legislative design inevitably generates disorder within governance.
(b) Statutory force acquires its full validity entirely from the coercive mechanisms that impose compliance.
(c) Moral credibility becomes substantially diminished when closely intertwined with democratic participation.
(d) Statutes devoid of ethical justification ultimately fail to secure authentic and enduring public compliance.
(e) Juridical authority and moral legitimacy operate as completely equivalent constructs in democratic systems.
Q37. Based on the passage, which of the following statements best reflects the underlying characteristic of Wilson's method when he connected classical philosophical thought with ongoing constitutional discussions?
(I) He treated abstract philosophical principles as meaningful only when examined alongside the concrete political conditions of his time.
(II) He sought to blend long-standing intellectual traditions with real-world governance to ensure that ideas were both principled and practical.
(III) He avoided grounding his theories in empirical observation, focusing instead on purely speculative reasoning.
(a) Only (I)
(b) Only (III)
(c) Both (I) and (II)
(d) Both (II) and (III)
(e) All (I), (II), and (III)
Q38. Which of the following assertions are substantiated by the author's account of Wilson's jurisprudential outlook?
1. Wilson drew a clear conceptual boundary between the mere possession of juridical power and the deeper notion of moral justification.
2. He regarded the contingencies of contemporary political circumstances as inconsequential to the development of his philosophical arguments.
3. He maintained that the function of law should be aspirational—cultivating civic virtue rather than serving solely as an instrument of constraint.
(a) Only 1
(b) Only 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3
(e) All three
Q39. If a contemporary theorist contends that legal institutions ought to cultivate the moral character of citizens rather than merely deter wrongful acts, this position would most directly correspond to which dimension of Wilson's philosophical framework?
(a) His commitment to a predominantly retributive model of justice centered on punitive enforcement mechanisms.
(b) His skepticism toward broad democratic engagement, which he believed could undermine principled governance.
(c) His insistence that jurisprudence should remain detached from ethical discourse to preserve institutional neutrality.
(d) His conviction that the legal order functions as a formative moral instructor aimed at elevating public virtue.
(e) His inclination toward minimalist procedural structures that minimize the normative ambitions of the legal system.
Q40. There are five words highlighted in the passage. Choose the word which is grammatically or contextually incorrect in context of the passage.
(a) punitive
(b) observations
(c) president
(d) scale
(e) employment
---
### Solutions Section
S1. Ans.(d)
Sol. Sentence (A)
Original:
*The committee, which comprises experts from diverse fields, have been deliberating for weeks but has yet to arrive at a unanimous decision.*
Error:
Subject-verb disagreement
Rule:
A collective noun (committee, team, jury, crowd) is treated as singular when the group acts as a single unit.
Therefore, the verb must be singular.
- "The committee ... has been deliberating" → correct
- "The committee ... have been deliberating" → incorrect here
Correct sentence:
*The committee, which comprises experts from diverse fields, has been deliberating for weeks but has yet to arrive at a unanimous decision.*
Example:
The jury are giving its verdict. (incorrect)
The jury is giving its verdict.
→ (A) contains an error.
Sentence (B)
Original:
*She insisted that the final draft be reviewed thoroughly before it is sent to the publisher for approval.*
Error:
No error.
Rule:
After verbs expressing suggestion, demand, insistence, recommendation
(such as *insist, suggest, recommend, demand, propose*), the subjunctive mood is used.
Structure:
subject + verb + that + subject + base verb
Here:
- "She insisted that the draft be reviewed" → correct subjunctive use.
Example:
The teacher recommended that he submit the form today.
→ (B) is correct.
Sentence (C)
Original:
*The traditions of the region, which date back several centuries, continues to influence the lifestyle of people even today.*
Error:
Subject-verb disagreement
Rule:
The verb agrees with the main subject, not the phrase in between.
Main subject: The traditions (plural)
Verb should be continue, not continues.
Correct sentence:
*The traditions of the region, which date back several centuries, continue to influence the lifestyle of people even today.*
Example:
The books on the shelf belong to Riya.
(Not: *belongs*)
→ (C) contains an error.
Correct option:
(d) Only (A) and (C)
S2. Ans.(b)
Sol. Sentence (A)
Original:
*The findings of the report indicates that several crucial policies were implemented without assessing their long-term impact on rural livelihoods.*
Error:
Subject-verb disagreement
Verb must agree with the head noun of the subject.
Here, the subject is findings (plural), not *report*.
- Findings indicate (plural verb)
Correct sentence:
*The findings of the report indicate that several crucial policies were implemented...*
Example:
The results of the study shows improvement. (incorrect)
The results of the study show improvement.
→ (A) contains an error.
Sentence (B)
Original:
*No sooner had the announcement been made than the investors began to reconsider their earlier decisions.*
Error:
No error.
Rule:
The correlative pair No sooner... than requires inversion (helping verb before subject).
Correct structure:
No sooner + had + subject + past participle + than + main clause
This sentence follows the rule perfectly.
Example:
No sooner had he arrived than it started raining.
→ (B) is correct.
Sentence (C)
Original:
Each of the participants who were shortlisted for the final round were required to submit an additional set of documents.
Errors:
1. Subject-verb disagreement with "Each"
2. Pronoun-verb mismatch in the relative clause
Rule 1 — "Each" is always singular.
So the main verb must be singular:
Each ... was required
Rule 2 — The relative pronoun "who" should refer to the noun closest to it.
Here, "who" refers to participants (plural), so "were shortlisted" is correct.
Correct structure:
- "Each ... was required" (singular)
- "participants who were shortlisted" (plural)
Correct sentence:
Each of the participants who were shortlisted for the final round was required to submit an additional set of documents.
Example:
Each of the applicants was given a separate form.
→ (C) contains an error.
Correct option
(b) Both (A) and (C)
S3. Ans.(a)
Sol. The correct answer is: (a)
Rules currently exist but are applied unevenly and fail to keep pace with modern tactics.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "Though regulatory bodies like the Federal Trade Commission exist, enforcement remains patchy and reactive."
- "Loopholes and vague language in advertising codes allow brands to operate in grey zones..."
Explanation of the correct option (a):
Option (a) accurately reflects the author's view. The passage clearly states that while regulatory bodies such as the FTC are in place, the enforcement of rules is inconsistent ("patchy and reactive"). It also highlights that outdated or vague regulations allow deceptive advertising practices to persist. This directly supports the idea that rules exist but are unevenly applied and not keeping up with modern advertising tactics.
Why the other options are incorrect:
(b) Oversight is consistent and successfully prevents most forms of deceptive advertising.
Incorrect — The passage explicitly states that enforcement is inconsistent ("patchy") and ineffective in preventing deceptive practices.
(c) Existing guidelines are too strict overall and tend to restrict creative marketing ideas.
Incorrect — The author never claims the guidelines are too strict; instead, they argue that the guidelines are too weak, vague, and easily exploited.
(d) The federal agency in charge plays a major role in enabling manipulative advertising.
Incorrect — The passage criticizes weak enforcement but does not say that the FTC actively enables manipulation. It points to loopholes and vague rules, not intentional enabling.
(e) Present legal standards are highly effective and have removed misleading practices.
Incorrect — This directly contradicts the passage, which argues that deceptive advertising is still widespread due to ineffective regulation.
S4. Ans.(b)
Sol. The correct answer is: (b)
The tactic of using vague scientific-sounding claims to create a misleading sense of credibility.
Relevant lines from the passage:
"These ads...use ambiguous or scientific-sounding terms like 'clinically tested' or 'dermatologist approved' that lack standardized definitions."
"The findings suggest that such ads are not only invasive but also exploitative..."
Explanation of the correct option (b):
The phrase "doctor tested for results" is an example of a scientific-sounding claim that lacks clear, standardized meaning—exactly the type of language the passage criticizes. The author points out that such phrases are often used to mislead consumers, especially when they are ambiguous and not backed by transparent testing procedures. Option (b) directly addresses this concern.
Why the other options are incorrect:
(a) The possibility that data gathered from different groups may be skewed due to demographic imbalances.
Incorrect — The passage discusses targeting of vulnerable groups but does not mention skewed testing data or demographic imbalances in test results.
(c) The chance that the product may be violating established federal rules governing medical testing.
Incorrect — While the passage mentions regulatory weaknesses, it does not suggest that vague claims like "doctor tested" violate specific medical testing regulations.
(d) The likelihood that rising market pressures are prompting brands to compete through aggressive tactics.
Incorrect — Although aggressive advertising is implied, the passage focuses more on deceptive techniques than on competition-driven pressures.
(e) The strategy of relying heavily on emotional appeal rather than clear, verifiable information.
Incorrect — Emotional appeal is discussed elsewhere in the passage, but in this case, the issue is not emotional persuasion—it's the use of vague scientific language to appear credible.
S5. Ans.(a)
Sol. The correct answer is: (a)
A-2, B-1, C-3
Relevant lines from the passage:
• (A) Stanford University:
"A recent study conducted by Stanford University revealed that emotionally resonant advertisements significantly increase consumer trust, even when the claims lack empirical evidence."
→ Matches with 2
• (B) University of Pennsylvania and (C) University of Cambridge (joint investigation):
"A joint investigation by the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Cambridge examined the growing trend of hyper-targeted digital ads... The findings suggest that such ads are... exploitative... using ambiguous or scientific-sounding terms..."
"The Cambridge study noted a marked decline in skepticism among such groups..."
So:
o Pennsylvania → 1 (investigation into hyper-targeted ads using psychological profiling)
o Cambridge → 3 (identified decline in skepticism among vulnerable groups)
Final Matching:
• (A) Stanford University → 2
• (B) University of Pennsylvania → 1
• (C) University of Cambridge → 3
Correct Answer: (a) A-2, B-1, C-3
S6. Ans.(c)
Sol. The correct answer is: (c)
The appeal to emotion—substituting rational proof with sentiments designed to override critical evaluation.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "A recent study conducted by Stanford University revealed that emotionally resonant advertisements significantly increase consumer trust, even when the claims lack empirical evidence."
- "People under stress or time constraints were especially vulnerable, responding more positively to emotionally charged ads that appeal to sentiment rather than logic."
Explanation of the correct option (c):
The passage directly criticizes how emotionally charged advertisements bypass logic and critical thinking, especially among vulnerable individuals. These ads are designed to appeal to emotion rather than presenting verifiable facts, making consumers more likely to trust or purchase products based on feelings rather than evidence. This reasoning error—appeal to emotion—is the primary concern addressed in the passage.
Why the other options are incorrect:
(a) The fallacy of division—incorrectly inferring that what influences a subset of buyers must equally influence the entire consumer base.
Incorrect – The passage discusses vulnerable groups being more susceptible, not that their behavior is wrongly generalized to all consumers.
(b) The trap of circular justification—presenting an unverified advertising claim as the very evidence that supposedly validates it.
Incorrect – While vague terms are discussed, the passage does not focus on advertisers claiming something is true because they said it is.
(d) The strawman technique—misrepresenting alternative viewpoints to make deceptive claims appear more credible.
Incorrect – The passage doesn't describe advertisers distorting or attacking opposing views to make their products seem better.
(e) The false analogy—drawing misleading comparisons between unrelated ideas to fabricate persuasive impact.
Incorrect – There's no mention of misleading analogies or comparisons as a deceptive tactic in this context.
Correct Answer: (c)
S7. Ans.(d)
Sol. The correct answer is: (d)
Both (I) and (II)
Relevant lines from the passage:
- (I): "Though regulatory bodies like the Federal Trade Commission exist, enforcement remains patchy and reactive."
- → This supports Statement I: Agencies respond after misleading ads have circulated, making regulation reactive, not preventive.
- (II): "Loopholes and vague language in advertising codes allow brands to operate in grey zones, maintaining plausible deniability while misleading consumers."
- → This directly supports Statement II: Vague rules and loopholes make it easy for advertisers to evade accountability.
- (III): No part of the passage claims or implies that consumer consent to share personal data makes regulation unnecessary.
- → In fact, the passage frames hyper-targeted ads and use of personal data as exploitative, not as justification for weaker oversight.
- Therefore, Statement III is incorrect.
Correct Answer: (d) Both (I) and (II)
S8. Ans.(e)
Sol. The passage implies that the deceptive techniques used in modern advertising pose a challenge because:
The correct answer is: (e)
Consumers often fail to distinguish between genuine expert endorsements and fabricated authority signals used by advertisers.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "These ads... use ambiguous or scientific-sounding terms like 'clinically tested' or 'dermatologist approved' that lack standardized definitions."
- "Particularly when they use ambiguous or scientific-sounding terms... that lack standardized definitions."
- "Vulnerable demographics... may lack the critical thinking skills or access to reliable information necessary to evaluate claims."
Explanation of the correct option (e):
The passage emphasizes how advertisers use fabricated signals of authority (e.g., "doctor tested", "clinically proven") that sound credible but are not grounded in regulated or standardized definitions. Vulnerable or less informed consumers often cannot differentiate between actual expert endorsements and marketing phrases meant to imply expertise, making these tactics especially deceptive and hard to regulate.
Why the other options are incorrect:
(a) Scientific terminology used in advertisements is legally required to meet uniform industry definitions.
Incorrect – The passage says the opposite: such terms lack standardized definitions, allowing advertisers to exploit them.
(b) Most digital platforms openly disclose how psychological profiling shapes individualized advertising content.
Incorrect – The passage criticizes the non-transparent, invasive nature of hyper-targeted ads. There's no mention of platforms openly disclosing these practices.
(c) Traditional broadcast commercials are now more tightly regulated than digital promotional material.
Incorrect – The passage does not compare the regulatory strictness between traditional and digital advertising formats.
(d) Advertisers generally avoid targeting groups that may have limited access to credible information sources.
Incorrect – Again, the opposite is true. The passage states advertisers especially target vulnerable groups such as teenagers, the elderly, and low-income communities.
Correct Answer: (e)
S9. Ans.(b)
Sol. The correct answer is: (b) egregious
- Meaning (English): Shockingly bad; outstandingly or obviously bad in a noticeable way.
- Meaning (Hindi): अत्यंत बुरा और स्पष्ट रूप से दिखने वाला; बेहद गलत
- Example (English): The company's egregious violation of safety protocols led to a massive fine.
- Why it is correct: The word *egregious* precisely matches the phrase "extremely bad in a way that is very noticeable." In the passage, it is used to describe ethically questionable advertising practices that are not just bad but blatantly problematic.
Incorrect Options:
(a) innocuous
- Meaning (English): Harmless; not likely to cause offense or injury.
- Why incorrect: Innocuous means the opposite of "extremely bad"—it means harmless or mild, which contradicts the phrase in the question.
(c) exploitative
- Meaning (English): Taking unfair advantage of someone or something for personal gain.
- Why incorrect: While exploitative implies something unethical or unfair, it doesn't necessarily mean extremely bad in a noticeable way. It's more about taking advantage, not about the degree of badness.
(d) skepticism
- Meaning (English): Doubt or disbelief toward something.
- Why incorrect: Skepticism refers to doubt, not anything bad or negative in action. It describes a mindset, not the quality of being bad or noticeable.
(e) rhetoric
- Meaning (English): Persuasive or impressive-sounding language that may lack sincerity or meaningful content.
- Why incorrect: Rhetoric is about the style of language or persuasion, not about something being bad or egregious.
Final Answer: (b) egregious
S10. Ans.(e)
Sol. The correct answer is: (e)
Algorithms may prioritize psychological vulnerability over user safety when selecting which advertisements to display.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "These ads, often powered by AI algorithms, utilize personal browsing histories to present consumers with content tailored to their psychological profiles."
- "Such ads are not only invasive but also exploitative..."
- "Especially troubling is the targeting of vulnerable demographics—including teenagers, the elderly, and low-income communities—who may lack the critical thinking skills..."
Explanation of the correct option (e):
The passage makes it clear that modern AI-powered advertising systems leverage psychological profiling to display content based on users' emotional and cognitive vulnerabilities—not their best interests. This raises ethical concerns because algorithms may prioritize effectiveness (i.e., manipulation) over consumer protection, particularly when dealing with vulnerable populations. Thus, the implication is that user safety is not the top priority in these ecosystems.
Why the other options are incorrect:
(a) Hyper-targeted ads are generally less effective because they lack emotional content or persuasive cues.
Incorrect – The passage says the opposite: emotionally resonant, hyper-targeted ads are more effective, especially when people are stressed or rushed.
(b) AI-driven platforms consistently verify the scientific accuracy of marketing claims before promoting them.
Incorrect – The passage criticizes vague and unverified claims like "clinically tested," showing that such claims are often unregulated and unchecked.
(c) Advertisers rely less on user behavior data than on random content rotation to determine ad placement.
Incorrect – The passage states that advertisers specifically use personal browsing histories and psychological profiles, not random rotation.
(d) Digital advertising systems prevent manipulation by restricting the use of personal browsing histories.
Incorrect – The passage clearly says the opposite: personal browsing data is used to tailor manipulative ads.
Correct Answer: (e)
S11. Ans.(e)
Sol. Correct Sequence: D - C - E - B - A - G - F
Detailed Solution & Explanation:
Let's break down the logical flow of the paragraph step-by-step:
1. Sentence (D) "A major cyclone hit the coastal region late Monday night, accompanied by torrential rains and winds reaching 160 km/h."
- This is the natural starting point, introducing the main event, time, and initial impact.
2. Sentence (C) "Despite advance warnings from the meteorological department, the cyclone's ferocity overwhelmed local preparedness efforts."
- This provides context and contrast—though a warning was given, damage still occurred.
- Logically follows the introduction of the cyclone.
3. Sentence (E) "Entire towns experienced prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents."
- We now move into specific consequences, especially power disruptions.
- Follows naturally from the mention of "overwhelmed preparedness."
4. Sentence (B) "Hospitals operated on backup generators, but fuel shortages soon became a pressing concern."
- This expands on (E), showing how critical institutions suffered due to the power outages.
5. Sentence (A) "Emergency response units struggled to access remote villages where communication towers had collapsed and roads were submerged."
- Shifts to rescue difficulties, building on the growing picture of chaos and infrastructural collapse.
6. Sentence (G) "Rescue operations were initiated at dawn, focusing first on the worst-hit districts near the shoreline."
- Now the organized response begins—clearly after the cyclone, power loss, and initial challenges.
- The word "initiated" marks the official start of rescue.
7. Sentence (F) "In the aftermath, local authorities urged citizens to stay indoors, avoid flooded zones, and report missing persons."
- A concluding sentence indicating the post-disaster public advisory, as the response phase kicks in.
- "In the aftermath" makes this a natural wrap-up.
Final Sequence: D → C → E → B → A → G → F
This is the only valid and coherent sequence, ensuring:
- Chronology: from event → impact → response → instructions
- Logical connections (cause-effect, time-order, problem-solution)
- Transitional cues like "despite," "soon," "initiated," and "in the aftermath" anchor the sequence.
S12. Ans.(c)
Sol. Correct Sequence: D - C - E - B - A - G - F (Explanation same as S11)
Sixth sentence is (G).
S13. Ans.(c)
Sol. Correct Answer: (c)
Entire towns had experienced prolonged power outages, which had affected critical services and had isolated thousands of residents.
Explanation
The original sentence is:
Entire towns experienced prolonged power outages, affecting critical services and isolating thousands of residents.
To convert this into full past tense referring to actions completed before another point in the past, we must use past perfect.
Why Option (c) is correct:
- "had experienced" → correct past perfect form
- "which had affected" → correct past perfect to show consequence
- "had isolated" → maintains logical sequence of completed past events
All actions happened before some later past reference point (not shown here but implied), so past perfect is appropriate throughout.
The sentence is grammatically correct, logically consistent, and maintains parallel structure.
Why the other options are incorrect:
(a) had experience prolonging → incorrect grammar. "had experience" (should be had experienced) "prolonging power outages" changes meaning.
(b) Uses present tense ("experience"), not past — incorrect
(d) Uses present perfect ("have experienced"), not past — incorrect
(e) Uses "would experience", indicating a habitual or future-in-the-past action — incorrect
S14. Ans.(b)
Sol. Correct Sequence: D - C - E - B - A - G - F (Explanation same as S11)
Third sentence is (E).
S15. Ans.(d)
Sol. Correct Sequence: D - C - E - B - A - G - F (Explanation same as S11)
Seventh sentence is (F).
S16. Ans.(d)
Sol. Correct Answer: (d) increasingly
"Increasingly" is the only word correctly placed in the sentence.
Given Sentence:
The severe water shortage forced the resources to manage its precarious community more carefully to avoid a crisis during an/a increasingly limited period.
WORD-BY-WORD MEANING, EXAMPLE & PLACEMENT ANALYSIS
(a) resources — Incorrect placement
Meaning: supplies or assets used for support or survival / संसाधन, साधन
Why incorrect? "Forced the resources to manage..." is wrong because: Resources cannot take action. People or a community manage resources, not the other way around. So "resources" is wrongly placed.
(b) limited — Incorrect placement
Meaning: small in amount; restricted / सीमित
Why incorrect? The phrase "increasingly limited period" is grammatically correct, but in this sentence: The adjective limited is supposed to describe resources, not period. The sentence context earlier is incorrect, which makes this word misplaced in the overall structure.
(c) community — Incorrect placement
Meaning: a group of people living together / समुदाय
Why incorrect? The sentence says: "forced the resources to manage its precarious community". This is incorrect because: You don't manage a community in this context. You manage resources, not "a precarious community." Also, "resources" cannot have a community ("its community").
(d) increasingly — Correct placement
Meaning: more and more; progressively / बढ़ते हुए रूप से / लगातार अधिक
Why correct? It correctly modifies an adjective: increasingly limited period. Here, "increasingly" shows that the period is becoming more and more limited. Its grammatical placement and meaning are accurate.
(e) precarious — Incorrect placement
Meaning: risky, unstable, insecure / अस्थिर, अनिश्चित, जोखिमपूर्ण
Why incorrect? The sentence uses: "to manage its precarious community". This is incorrect because: A community is not usually described as "precarious." Precarious describes situations, conditions, or positions, not a group of people. The correct phrase in context should have been something like "precarious period".
S17. Ans.(b)
Sol. Correct Answer: (b) heightened
"Heightened" is the only word correctly placed in the sentence.
Given Sentence:
Compelled geopolitical tensions escalating neighboring nations to strategic their reevaluate alliances and allocate resources with heightened prudence.
(a) escalating — Incorrect placement
The phrase becomes: "Compelled geopolitical tensions escalating neighboring nations..." This structure is grammatically wrong: "Escalating" should describe tensions, not appear before "neighbors." Correct usage would be: "Escalating geopolitical tensions compelled..." So "escalating" is misplaced.
(b) heightened — Correct placement
It appears in the phrase: "with heightened prudence". This is correct because: "Prudence" (care/caution) can naturally be heightened. Grammatically and contextually perfect.
(c) reevaluate — Incorrect placement
The sentence has: "to strategic their reevaluate alliances..." This is grammatically incorrect because: "Reevaluate" should be the main verb after "to," not placed after "their." Correct usage would be: "to reevaluate their strategic alliances".
(d) strategic — Incorrect placement
"to strategic their reevaluate alliances". This is wrong because: "Strategic" is an adjective, but here it appears incorrectly in the place of a verb. Correct use would be: "to reevaluate their strategic alliances".
(e) compelled — Incorrect placement
The sentence begins: "Compelled geopolitical tensions..." This is wrong because: It should be: "Compelled by escalating geopolitical tensions, neighboring nations..." OR "Escalating geopolitical tensions compelled neighboring nations..." "Compelled" is not in the correct grammatical position.
S18. Ans.(d)
Sol. Word: RESTRICT
The correct answer is: (d) Both I and III
Meaning of the word "RESTRICT":
- In English: To limit, confine, or place boundaries on something; to reduce freedom or prevent expansion.
- In Hindi: सीमित करना, प्रतिबंध लगाना, रोक लगाना
Explanation of Sentences:
(I) The new policy allows employees to expand their working hours according to project needs.
Opposite of "restrict" – The use of "expand" here directly contrasts with "restrict." Instead of limiting working hours, the policy allows more flexibility and growth.
(II) The government decided to curb the number of vehicles entering the city during peak hours.
Similar to "restrict" – The word "curb" means to limit or restrain, which is similar in meaning to restrict, not opposite.
(III) The coach encouraged players to broaden their range of practice techniques.
Opposite of "restrict" – The word "broaden" suggests expanding possibilities, which is the opposite of limiting or restricting them.
S19. Ans.(c)
Sol. Meaning of the word "FORMER":
- English: The first of two things; the earlier one; something that comes before.
- Hindi: पहला, पूर्वं वाला, पहले का
Analysis of the Sentences:
I. "The latter part of the book focuses on the hero's rise to power."
- Opposite of "former" – "Latter" means the second or later part, which is the opposite of "former."
II. "The earlier chapters contain most of the important definitions."
- Same meaning as "former" – "Earlier" matches the meaning of "former," so this is not opposite.
III. "The concluding portion of the documentary highlights the final years of the singer's life."
- Opposite of "former" – "Concluding" or "final" refers to the end, again the opposite of earlier/former.
The correct answer is: (c) Both I and III
S20. Ans.(c)
Sol. Meaning of the word "DESPAIR":
- English: The complete loss or absence of hope; a state of utter hopelessness.
- Hindi: निराशा, उम्मीद खो देना, हताशा
Analysis of the Sentences:
I. "The villagers reacted with great hope when the government announced a new irrigation project."
Opposite of "despair" – Hope is the direct opposite of despair, which involves hopelessness.
II. "Her optimism remained unshaken even after facing several setbacks."
Opposite of "despair" – Optimism is a positive, hopeful outlook, directly opposing despair.
III. "The constant failures pushed him into deep disappointment."
Similar to "despair" – Disappointment is related to negative feelings, and "deep disappointment" can be close to or lead to despair. It is not the opposite.
The correct answer is: (c) Both I and II
S21. Ans.(c)
Sol. Connector Pair (A): since; thus
- "Since" (Because / for the reason that / क्योंकि): Works correctly here to link the promotion (cause) to the higher participation (effect): "The conference saw a higher number of international participants since the event was widely promoted..."
- "Thus" (Therefore / as a result / इस प्रकार): Correctly connects the increased interest to the need for additional sessions: "...the event was widely promoted. Thus, the organizers added extra sessions."
Connector Pair A is correct.
Connector Pair (B): although; therefore
- "Although" (Even though / despite the fact / हालांकि): Incorrect here – suggests contrast, but the relationship between participation and promotion is cause-effect, not contrast.
Connector Pair B is incorrect.
Connector Pair (C): because; as a result
- "Because" (For the reason that / क्योंकि): Correct: "The conference saw a higher number of international participants because the event was widely promoted..."
- "As a result" (Consequently / therefore / परिणामस्वरूप): Correct: "...the event was widely promoted. As a result, the organizers added extra sessions."
Connector Pair C is also correct.
Correct Answer: (c) Both A and C
S22. Ans.(e)
Sol. Analysis of Connector Pairs
(A) because of; therefore
"because of" (Due to / on account of / के कारण): "The sharp rise in daily commuters occurred because of the reduced travel time." → Correct cause-effect direction.
"therefore" (As a result / इसलिए): "Travel time was reduced. Therefore, the administration increased frequency." Both connectors are grammatically and logically correct.
(B) despite; consequently
"despite" (Even though / in spite of / के बावजूद): Shows contrast, not cause-effect. "The city saw more commuters despite travel time reducing" is illogical. First connector is incorrect, so the whole pair is invalid.
(C) owing to; hence
"owing to" (Because of / के कारण): "The city saw more commuters owing to reduced travel time." → Correct cause-effect flow.
"hence" (Therefore / इसलिए): "Travel time was reduced. Hence, the administration increased frequency." → Correct cause-effect.
Correct Answer: (e) Both A and C
S23. Ans.(e)
Sol. Analysis of Connector Pairs
(A) since; thus
"Since" (Because / क्योंकि): "The research team received global recognition since their findings demonstrated a highly efficient method..." → This correctly conveys cause-effect.
"Thus" (As a result / इसलिए): "Their findings demonstrated a method... thus, international institutes approached them." → Logically correct.
Pair A is fully correct.
(B) because; therefore
"Because" (For the reason that / क्योंकि): "The team received recognition because their findings showed an efficient method..." → Cause-effect is preserved.
"Therefore" (So / as a result / इसलिए): "Their findings showed a new method. Therefore, institutes approached them." → Clear and logical result.
Pair B is also correct.
(C) although; as a result
"Although" (In spite of the fact that / हालांकि): Shows contrast, not cause-effect. "The team received recognition although their findings showed an efficient method" → incorrectly implies contradiction.
Pair C is invalid.
Correct Answer: (e) Both A and B
S24. Ans.(c)
Sol. Analysis of Connector Pairs
(A) even though; hence
"even though" (despite the fact that / के बावजूद): Implies contrast. "Residents relocated even though a cyclone was predicted" → illogical. Pair invalid.
(B) in response to; consequently
"in response to" (as a reaction to / की प्रतिक्रिया में): "Residents relocated in response to cyclone predictions." Works perfectly.
"consequently" (as a result / परिणामस्वरूप): "A cyclone was predicted; consequently, teams were deployed." Works for II → III.
Pair B is completely correct.
(C) due to; therefore
"due to" (because of / के कारण): "Residents relocated due to cyclone predictions." Correct cause-effect direction.
"therefore" (as a result / इसलिए): Works logically for II → III.
Pair C is also correct.
Correct Answer: (c) Both B and C
S25. Ans.(e)
Sol. Sentence Starters:
(I) Even though the CEO promised complete transparency... (introduces a contrast between the promise (A) and what actually happened (B)).
(II) Because the leadership kept employees uninformed... (Introduces a cause-effect relationship between B and C).
(III) In response to the lack of communication from leadership... (Sets up a reaction to the leadership's failure to inform employees, leading to C).
Correct Answer: (e) All of these
Each starter connects the ideas grammatically and logically, showing contrast, cause, or consequence depending on the structure.
S26. Ans.(c)
Sol. Sentence Starters:
(I) While the app was praised for its sleek design... (Indicates contrast between positive design reviews (A) and negative technical feedback (B)). Correct.
(II) Because of the frequent crashes and bugs... (Introduces a cause-effect relationship between B and C). Correct.
(III) In spite of its declining ratings on app stores... (Indicates contrast, but illogically places the decline (effect) before the reasons (B) or even the praise (A)). Incorrect.
Correct Answer: (c) Both (I) and (II)
S27. Ans.(b)
Sol. Sentence Starters:
(I) Although online platforms have expanded access to learning... (Introduces a contrast: Even though many have gained access (A), others are still excluded due to limited resources (B), leading to inequality (C)). Correct.
(II) Due to the lack of internet and devices among some students... (Establishes cause-effect: The lack of access (B) causes educational inequality (C)). Correct.
(III) Instead of relying on traditional education methods... (Not contextually relevant to the statements). Incorrect.
Correct Answer: (b) Both (I) and (II)
S28. Ans.(a)
Sol. Let's analyze the issues in the sentence:
Phrase 1: "into controlling severe viral infection" - Incorrect preposition. The correct usage is "in controlling" or "to control".
Phrase 2: "require extensive human trials" - Verb agreement error. Subject = "it" (singular), so verb must be "requires".
Evaluate options:
(I) in controlling severe viral infections / requires extensive human trials - Entirely correct.
(II) in control of severe viral infection / require extensive human trial - "in control of" is awkward, "require" is wrong, "trial" is singular.
(III) to control severe viral infections / require extensive human trials - "require" is still wrong.
Final Answer: (a) Only (I)
S29. Ans.(a)
Sol. Error Analysis
Error 1: "for protect vulnerable population" - "for protect" is ungrammatical; it should be "for protecting" or "to protect".
Error 2: "fails to provide sufficient resources" - Subject = "many regions" (plural), so verb must be "fail".
Evaluate options:
(I) for protecting vulnerable populations / fail to provide sufficient resources - Grammatically correct.
(II) to protect vulnerability population / fails to provides sufficient resource - Multiple errors.
(III) for protecting vulnerable people / fail to provides sufficient resources - "fail to provides" is incorrect.
Correct Answer: (a) Only (I)
S30. Ans.(b)
Sol. Sentence (A) - Error: Subject-verb disagreement. Subject = "the company" (singular), verb must be "has failed".
Sentence (B) - Correct. When the subject is followed by "along with", the verb agrees with the main subject ("The curator").
Sentence (C) - Error: Rule for "Neither... nor..." The verb agrees with the subject closer to it ("advisors" - plural), so it should be "were".
Final Answer: Only (B) → Option (b)
S31. Ans.(d)
Sol. Sentence (A) - Subject: "The increasing number" (singular), Verbs: "improves" and "reduces" (both singular). Correct.
Sentence (B) - Subject: "several institutions" (plural), Verb: "are now required" (plural). Correct.
Sentence (C) - Error: Subject-verb disagreement. Subject: "The panel" (singular), Verb used: "have" (plural). Should be "has".
Final Answer: (d) Only (A) and (B)
S32. Ans.(b)
Sol. Step-by-step Analysis:
We're looking for a pair of phrases that explain why the sculpture was displayed prominently (1st blank) and why it was featured in the brochure (2nd blank).
(a) although interest declined / to reduce attention - Illogical.
(b) since it drew large crowds / to increase engagement - Logical reason for prominent display and highlighting it in the brochure. Both grammatically correct.
(c) even though it was damaged / while restricting access - Awkward and conflicting.
(d) because space was limited / so visitors ignored it - Illogical.
(e) despite poor lighting / in order to hide flaws - Contradictory.
Correct Answer: (b) since it drew large crowds / to increase engagement
S33. Ans.(e)
Sol. Let's evaluate the options:
(a) although students ignored them / to confuse everyone - Illogical.
(b) because staff forgot them / to avoid responsibility - Contradiction.
(c) even though parents objected / to reduce clarity - Unclear logic.
(d) despite outdated rules / while banning reminders - Conflicting ideas.
(e) since it was mandatory / to ensure awareness - Grammatically correct and logically sound.
Correct Answer: (e) since it was mandatory / to ensure awareness
S34. Ans.(c)
Sol. Let's analyze each option:
(a) although readers protested / to mislead visitors - Illogical.
(b) even though space was tight / to create disorder - Absurd.
(c) since it offered more room / to guide everyone clearly - Perfectly explains the move and the sign update. Grammatically correct and logically sound.
(d) because books were outdated / while removing labels - Contradictory.
(e) despite reduced access / to confuse newcomers - Illogical.
Correct Answer: (c) since it offered more room / to guide everyone clearly
S35. Ans.(d)
Sol. The correct answer is: (d) He maintained that legal authority attains true validity only when anchored in substantive ethical foundations.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "He argued that law, when stripped of ethical grounding, loses both its authority and its purpose."
- "Law should be a guide to virtue, not merely a curb on vice."
- "He believed the purpose of law was not just to govern behavior, but to shape the moral consciousness of the people."
These statements clearly indicate that ethical grounding is essential for law to retain its authority, purpose, and legitimacy.
Final Answer: (d)
S36. Ans.(d)
Sol. Correct Answer: (d) Statutes devoid of ethical justification ultimately fail to secure authentic and enduring public compliance.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "He argued that law, when stripped of ethical grounding, loses both its authority and its purpose."
- "Wilson's philosophical writings reveal a deliberate repetition of foundational concepts—liberty grounded in responsibility, popular sovereignty, and the ethical role of law."
These lines establish that Wilson distinguishes between legal authority (the formal power of law) and moral legitimacy (its ethical justification), and he sees the latter as essential to the former's effectiveness.
Final Answer: (d)
S37. Ans.(c)
Sol. Correct Answer: (c) Both (I) and (II)
(I) He treated abstract philosophical principles as meaningful only when examined alongside the concrete political conditions of his time. Correct – The passage clearly says Wilson's ideas were grounded in real political conditions.
(II) He sought to blend long-standing intellectual traditions with real-world governance to ensure that ideas were both principled and practical. Correct – This is a perfect restatement of the line: "He supported his ideas with references that spanned classical political philosophy to real-time constitutional debates..."
(III) He avoided grounding his theories in empirical observation, focusing instead on purely speculative reasoning. Incorrect – This directly contradicts the line: "Wilson's theories were not speculative abstractions; they were grounded in observations..."
S38. Ans.(c)
Sol. Correct Answer: (c) 1 and 3
Assertion 1: Supported. From the passage: "Equally important was his use of differentiation, especially in distinguishing between legal authority and moral legitimacy."
Assertion 2: Not supported — in fact, clearly contradicted. From the passage: "Wilson's theories were not speculative abstractions; they were grounded in observations drawn from both historical precedent and the political climate of his time."
Assertion 3: Supported. From the passage: "Law should be a guide to virtue, not merely a curb on vice." "His approach emphasized the employment of law as a constructive force, not merely a restrictive one."
Final Answer: (c) 1 and 3
S39. Ans.(d)
Sol. The correct answer is: (d) His conviction that the legal order functions as a formative moral instructor aimed at elevating public virtue.
Relevant lines from the passage:
- "Law should be a guide to virtue, not merely a curb on vice."
- "He believed the purpose of law was...to shape the moral consciousness of the people."
- "His approach emphasized the employment of law as a constructive force, not merely a restrictive one."
These statements explicitly show that Wilson viewed law as formative, ethical, and educational, not merely punitive.
Final Answer: (d)
S40. Ans.(c)
Sol. Correct Answer: (c) president
Explanation:
The passage says: "observations drawn from both historical president and the political climate of his time."
Here, "president" is incorrect.
The correct word should be "precedent", which means an earlier event or decision used as an example or guide.
So (c) is the grammatically and contextually incorrect word.
Meanings of Each Word:
(a) punitive: relating to punishment (Correct)
(b) observations: things noticed, examined, or studied (Correct)
(c) president: head of a republic or organization (Incorrect - should be precedent)
(d) scale: range or level; extent of something (Correct)
(e) employment: use or application of something (Correct)
Final Answer: (c) president
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